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Song H, Zhang Z, Cao C, Tang Z, Gui J, Liu W. Biocatalytic Steroidal 9α-Hydroxylation and Fragmentation Enable the Concise Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 9,10-Secosteroids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319624. [PMID: 38376063 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
9,10-Secosteroids are an important group of marine steroids with diverse biological activities. Herein, we report a chemoenzymatic strategy for the concise, modular, and scalable synthesis of ten naturally occurring 9,10-secosteroids from readily available steroids in three to eight steps. The key feature lies in utilizing a Rieske oxygenase-like 3-ketosteroid 9α-hydroxylase (KSH) as the biocatalyst to achieve efficient C9-C10 bond cleavage and A-ring aromatization of tetracyclic steroids through 9α-hydroxylation and fragmentation. With synthesized 9,10-secosteroides, structure-activity relationship was evaluated based on bioassays in terms of previously unexplored anti-infective activity. This study provides experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that the biosynthetic pathway through which 9,10-secosteroids are formed in nature shares a similar 9α-hydroxylation and fragmentation cascade. In addition to the development of a biomimetic approach for 9,10-secosteroid synthesis, this study highlights the great potential of chemoenzymatic strategies in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zeliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunyang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhijun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinghan Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Wang X, Xu W, Wang Z, Yu Q, Yuan L, Liu Y, Sang J, Li W, Zhu S, Jiang W, Li Z, Zhang W, Dang Y. Sokotrasterol Sulfate Suppresses IFN-γ-Induced PD-L1 Expression by Inhibiting JAK Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024. [PMID: 38417168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies exhibit promising therapeutic effectiveness in multiple cancers. However, developing a simple and efficient non-antibody treatment strategy using the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway still remains challenging. In this study, we developed a flow cytometry assay to screen bioactive compounds with PD-L1 inhibitory activity. A total of 409 marine natural products were screened, and sokotrasterol sulfate (SKS) was found to efficiently suppress the IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 expression. SKS sensitizes the tumor cells to antigen-specific T-cell killing in the T cell-tumor cell coculture system. Mechanistically, SKS directly targeted Janus kinase (JAK) to inhibit the downstream activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and the subsequent transcription of PDL1. Our findings highlight the immunological role of SKS that may act as a basis for a potential immunotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengyiyi Wang
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1238 Si-Ping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihang Liu
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Chongqing 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinpeng Sang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanyong Zhu
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Chongqing 400010, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dong-An Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1238 Si-Ping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Dang
- Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Chongqing 400010, People's Republic of China
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Han M, Wang Z, Li Y, Song Y, Wang Z. The application and sustainable development of coral in traditional medicine and its chemical composition, pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical research. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1230608. [PMID: 38235111 PMCID: PMC10791799 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1230608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the variety, chemical composition, pharmacological effects, toxicology, and clinical research of corals used in traditional medicine in the past two decades. At present, several types of medicinal coral resources are identified, which are used in 56 formulas such as traditional Chinese medicine, Tibetan medicine, Mongolian medicine, and Uyghur medicine. A total of 34 families and 99 genera of corals are involved in medical research, with the Alcyoniidae family and Sarcophyton genus being the main research objects. Based on the structural types of compounds and the families and genera of corals, this review summarizes the compounds primarily reported during the period, including terpenoids, steroids, nitrogen-containing compounds, and other terpenoids dominated by sesquiterpene and diterpenes. The biological activities of coral include cytotoxicity (antitumor and anticancer), anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, immunosuppressive, antioxidant, and neurological properties, and a detailed summary of the mechanisms underlying these activities or related targets is provided. Coral toxicity mostly occurs in the marine ornamental soft coral Zoanthidae family, with palytoxin as the main toxic compound. In addition, nonpeptide neurotoxins are extracted from aquatic corals. The compatibility of coral-related preparations did not show significant acute toxicity, but if used for a long time, it will still cause toxicity to the liver, kidneys, lungs, and other internal organs in a dose-dependent manner. In clinical applications, individual application of coral is often used as a substitute for orthopedic materials to treat diseases such as bone defects and bone hyperplasia. Second, coral is primarily available in the form of compound preparations, such as Ershiwuwei Shanhu pills and Shanhu Qishiwei pills, which are widely used in the treatment of neurological diseases such as migraine, primary headache, epilepsy, cerebral infarction, hypertension, and other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. It is undeniable that the effectiveness of coral research has exacerbated the endangered status of corals. Therefore, there should be no distinction between the advantages and disadvantages of listed endangered species, and it is imperative to completely prohibit their use and provide equal protection to help them recover to their normal numbers. This article can provide some reference for research on coral chemical composition, biological activity, chemical ecology, and the discovery of marine drug lead compounds. At the same time, it calls for people to protect endangered corals from the perspectives of prohibition, substitution, and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiye Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinglian Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Pang C, Chen YH, Bian HH, Zhang JP, Su L, Han H, Zhang W. Anti-Inflammatory Ergosteroid Derivatives from the Coral-Associated Fungi Penicillium oxalicum HL-44. Molecules 2023; 28:7784. [PMID: 38067514 PMCID: PMC10708211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To obtain the optimal fermentation condition for more abundant secondary metabolites, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium was chosen for the scale-up fermentation of the fungus Penicillium oxalicum HL-44 associated with the soft coral Sinularia gaweli. The EtOAc extract of the fungi HL-44 was subjected to repeated column chromatography (CC) on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 and semipreparative RP-HPLC to afford a new ergostane-type sterol ester (1) together with fifteen derivatives (2-16). Their structures were determined with spectroscopic analyses and comparisons with reported data. The anti-inflammatory activity of the tested isolates was assessed by evaluating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors Tnfα and Ifnb1 in Raw264.7 cells stimulated with LPS or DMXAA. Compounds 2, 9, and 14 exhibited significant inhibition of Ifnb1 expression, while compounds 2, 4, and 5 showed strong inhibition of Tnfα expression in LPS-stimulated cells. In DMXAA-stimulated cells, compounds 1, 5, and 7 effectively suppressed Ifnb1 expression, whereas compounds 7, 8, and 11 demonstrated the most potent inhibition of Tnfα expression. These findings suggest that the tested compounds may exert their anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the cGAS-STING pathway. This study provides valuable insight into the chemical diversity of ergosteroid derivatives and their potential as anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Pang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Gao-Ke Rd., Hangzhou 311402, China
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1238 Gonghexin Rd., Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Yu-Hong Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd., Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hui-Hui Bian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd., Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jie-Ping Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1238 Gonghexin Rd., Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd., Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hua Han
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1238 Gonghexin Rd., Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Gao-Ke Rd., Hangzhou 311402, China
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1238 Gonghexin Rd., Shanghai 200070, China
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Wang HL, Li R, Zhao M, Wang ZY, Tang H, Cao ZY, Zheng GL, Zhang W. A Drimane Meroterpenoid Borate as a Synchronous Ca + Oscillation Inhibitor from the Coral-Associated Fungus Alternaria sp. ZH-15. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:429-433. [PMID: 36729068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Territrem F (1), a drimane meroterpenoid bearing a unique borate ring system, was isolated together with its diol precursor territrem B (2) from the fungus Alternaria sp. ZH-15 associated with the soft coral Lobophytum crassum collected in the South China Sea. The structure of the new compound was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and an X-ray single-crystal diffraction study, representing a new type of boron-containing natural product. Both compounds significantly inhibited spontaneous synchronous Ca2+ oscillations (SCOs) and epileptic discharges induced by 4-aminopyridine, showing the potential for antiepileptic drug research. The 5,9-boronic ester derivative of 2 did not change its SCO inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Navy Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Li
- School of Pharmacy, Navy Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhao
- Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Si-Ping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng-Yiyi Wang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Si-Ping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Tang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Zhong-Yang Road, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Liang Zheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kong-Jiang Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Navy Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
- Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Si-Ping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Covering: January to December 2021This review covers the literature published in 2021 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 736 citations (724 for the period January to December 2021) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1425 in 416 papers for 2021), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Pertinent reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. An analysis of the number of authors, their affiliations, domestic and international collection locations, focus of MNP studies, citation metrics and journal choices is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. .,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Enivironment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Mu J, Gong J, Lin P, Zhang M, Wu K. Machine learning methods revealed the roles of immune-metabolism related genes in immune infiltration, stemness, and prognosis of neuroblastoma. Cancer Biomark 2023; 38:241-259. [PMID: 37545226 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-230119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunometabolism plays an important role in neuroblastoma (NB). However, the mechanism of immune-metabolism related genes (IMRGs) in NB remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects of IMRGs on the prognosis, immune infiltration and stemness of patients with NB using machine learning methods. METHODS R software (v4.2.1) was used to identify the differentially expressed IMRGs, and machine learning algorithm was used to screen the prognostic genes from IMRGs. Then we constructed a prognostic model and calculated the risk scores. The NB patients were grouped according to the prognosis scores. In addition, the genes most associated with the immune infiltration and stemness of NB were analyzed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). RESULTS There were 89 differentially expressed IMRGs between the MYCN amplification and the MYCN non-amplification group, among which CNR1, GNAI1, GLDC and ABCC4 were selected by machine learning algorithm to construct the prognosis model due to their better prediction effect. Both the K-M survival curve and the 5-year Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve indicated that the prognosis model could predict the prognosis of NB patients, and there was significant difference in immune infiltration between the two groups according to the median of risk score. CONCLUSIONS We verified the effects of IMRGs on the prognosis, immune infiltration and stemness of NB. These findings could provide help for predicting prognosis and developing immunotherapy in NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Mu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianan Gong
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Lin
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengzhen Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Cao VA, Kwon JH, Kang JS, Lee HS, Heo CS, Shin HJ. Aspersterols A-D, Ergostane-Type Sterols with an Unusual Unsaturated Side Chain from the Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Aspergillus unguis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2177-2183. [PMID: 36040099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Four previously undescribed ergostane-type sterols, aspersterols A-D (1-4), were isolated from a deep-sea-derived fungus, Aspergillus unguis IV17-109. The structures of the new compounds were determined by extensive analyses of their spectroscopic data, pyridine-induced deshielding effect, Mosher's method, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. The key feature of these sterols is the presence of a rare unsaturated side chain with conjugated double bonds at Δ17 and Δ22. The absolute configuration of C-24 in the side chain was determined by hydrogenation and comparing 13C NMR chemical shifts of the hydrogenated products with literature values. In addition, aspersterol A (1) is the second representative of anthrasteroids with a hydroxy group at the C-2 position. Compound 1 showed cytotoxicity against six cancer cell lines, with GI50 values of 3.4 ± 0.3 to 4.5 ± 0.7 μM, while 2-4 showed anti-inflammatory activity, with IC50 values ranging from 11.6 ± 1.6 to 19.5 ± 1.2 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Anh Cao
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajungro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Marine Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, Korea
| | - Joo-Hee Kwon
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanjiro, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jong Soon Kang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanjiro, Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Hwa-Sun Lee
- Marine Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, Korea
| | - Chang-Su Heo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajungro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Marine Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, Korea
| | - Hee Jae Shin
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajungro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Marine Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, Korea
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