Structures and Antimutagenic Effects of Onoceranoid-Type Triterpenoids from the Leaves of Lansium domesticum

Classification, biosynthesis, and biological functions of triterpene esters in plants

Triterpene esters comprise a class of secondary metabolites that are synthesized by decorating triterpene skeletons with a series of oxidation, glycosylation, and acylation modifications. Many triterpene esters with important bioactivities have been isolated and identified, including those with applications in the pesticide, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. They also play essential roles in plant defense against pests, diseases, physical damage (as part of the cuticle), and regulation of root microorganisms. However, there has been no recent summary of the biosynthetic pathways and biological functions of plant triterpene esters. Here, we classify triterpene esters into five categories based on their skeletons and find that C-3 oxidation may have a significant effect on triterpenoid acylation. Fatty acid and aromatic moieties are common ligands present in triterpene esters. We further analyze triterpene ester synthesis-related acyltransferases (TEsACTs) in the triterpene biosynthetic pathway. Using an evolutionary classification of BAHD acyltransferases (BAHD-ATs) and serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases (SCPL-ATs) in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, we classify 18 TEsACTs with identified functions from 11 species. All the triterpene-skeleton-related TEsACTs belong to BAHD-AT clades IIIa and I, and the only identified TEsACT from the SCPL-AT family belongs to the CP-I subfamily. This comprehensive review of the biosynthetic pathways and bioactivities of triterpene esters provides a foundation for further study of their bioactivities and applications in industry, agricultural production, and human health.

New Triterpenoids from Lansium domesticum Corr. cv kokossan and Their Cytotoxic Activity

Lansium domesticum Corr. is a member of the Meliaceae family that is widely spread in tropical and subtropical region of Asia and America. Traditionally, the fruit of this plant has been consumed because of its sweet taste. However, the fruit peels and the seeds of this plant have been rarely utilized. The previous chemical investigation of this plant showed the presence of secondary metabolites with many biological activities, including cytotoxic triterpenoid. Triterpenoids is a class of secondary metabolites which contain thirty carbon atoms in the main skeleton. The high modification of this type of compound, including the ring opening, highly oxygenated carbons, and the degradation of its carbon chain to give the nor-triterpenoid structure, is responsible for its cytotoxic activity. In this paper, we isolated and elucidated the chemical structure of two new onoceranoid triterpenes, kokosanolides E (1) and F (2), from the fruit peels of L. domesticum Corr., along with a new tetranortriterpenoid, kokosanolide G (3), from the seeds of L. domesticum Corr. The structural determination of compounds 1-3 was undertaken through FTIR spectroscopic analysis, 1D and 2D NMR, mass spectrometry, as well as through a comparison of the chemical shifts of the partial structures of compounds 1-3 with the literature data. The cytotoxic properties of compounds 1-3 were tested against MCF-7 breast cancer cells using the MTT assay. Moderate activity was shown by compounds 1 and 3, with IC₅₀ values of 45.90 and 18.41 μg/mL, respectively, while compound 2 showed no activity (IC₅₀ 168.20 μg/mL). For the onoceranoid-type triterpene, the high symmetrical structure of compound 1 is presumably the reason for its better cytotoxic activity compared with that of compound 2. Compound 3 showed moderate activity, mainly because of the presence of the furan ring, which, based on the literature, gives better cytotoxic activity in a tetranortriterpenoid-type structure. The findings of three new triterpenoid compounds from L. domesticum indicate the significant value of this plant as a source of new compounds.

Phytochemistry and biological activity of Lansium domesticum Corr. species: a review

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to review and describe the ethnobotanical, phytochemical and biological activity of various extracts and compounds isolated from Lansium domesticum Corr. from 1967 to 2022 and to study the opportunities that can be developed in the future in the pharmaceutical and pharmacology fields. The related articles, followed by the classification of L. domesticum Corr. according to ethnobotanical, biological and phytochemical properties, were collected from SciFinder, Google Scholar and PubMed.

KEY FINDINGS

More than 80 compounds have been isolated and identified from L. domesticum Corr., including terpenoids and their glycosides. Furthermore, the pharmacological activity of the extracts and pure compounds of L. domesticum Corr. tested in vitro and in vivo were mainly confirmed to include antifeedant, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antibacterial, and radical scavenging activity, antimutagenic, and anticancer.

SUMMARY

In conclusion, based on this review, all data on the phytochemical and biological activity of L. domesticum Corr. can be used to support scientists in further research aim to determine the reaction mechanism of the extracts or compounds and need to be further validated using in vivo models together with toxicological analysis to establish their maximum tolerated dose.

Lansium domesticum-A Fruit with Multi-Benefits: Traditional Uses, Phytochemicals, Nutritional Value, and Bioactivities

Lansium domesticum (Langsat, Meliaceae) is a tropical fruit mainly found in Southeast Asian countries, particularly in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Traditionally, it is utilized as a folk treatment for eye inflammation, ulcers, diarrhea, dysentery, fever, spasms, flatulence, worms, insect bites, scorpion stings, and malaria. Additionally, it is utilized as a mosquito repellent, skin moisturizer and whitening agent. Pharmacological research showed that the plant has a wide array of bioactivities, including antimalarial, antifeedant, anti-aging, wound healing, antioxidant, cytotoxic, analgesic, antibacterial, antimutagenic, insecticidal, and larvicidal. The most commonly described activities were attributed to the presence of terpenoids and phenolics. Further, some studies reported the preparation of nanoparticles and pharmaceutical formulations from the plant. This review highlights the potential of L. domesticum as herbal medicine. It provides an overview about the reported data on L. domesticum from 1931 to November 2021, including nutritional value, traditional uses, phytoconstituents, and bioactivities, as well as nanoparticles and pharmaceutical formulations.

Cell death-inducing activities via Hsp inhibition of the sesquiterpenes isolated from Valeriana fauriei

Three new sesquiterpenes, valerianaterpenes I-III, and eight known compounds have been isolated from the methanol extract of the rhizomes and roots of Valeriana fauriei. The chemical structures of the three new sesquiterpenes were elucidated based on chemical and spectroscopic evidence. The absolute stereochemistry of valerianaterpene I was determined using X-ray crystallography. The cell death-inducing activity of isolated compounds alone or combination with Adriamycin (ADR) was observed by time-lapse cell imaging. Although the isolated compounds did not affect the number of mitotic entry cells and dead cells alone, kessyl glycol, kessyl glycol diacetate, and iso-teucladiol significantly increased the number of dead cells on ADR treated human cervical cancer cells. One of the mechanisms of cell death-inducing activity for the kessyl glycol acetate was suggested to be the inhibition of heat-shock protein 105 (Hsp105) expression level. This paper first deals with the naturally occurring compounds as Hsp105 inhibitor.

Kokosanolide D: A New Tetranortriterpenoid from Fruit Peels of Lansium domesticum Corr. cv Kokossan

A novel tetranortriterpenoid named kokosanolide D has been isolated from fruit peels of Lansium domesticum. The structure of kokosanolide D was elucidated primarily on the basis of spectroscopic data including infrared, 1D and 2D-NMR, as well as high resolution mass spectroscopy analysis and comparison with related compounds previously reported.

Limonoids isolated from the Fortunella crassifolia and the Citrus junos with their cell death-inducing activity on Adriamycin-treated cancer cell

From the fruits of Fortunella crassifolia and the peels of Citrus junos, two new limonoids, fortunellone and junosol were isolated together with three known compounds including nomilin. The chemical structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on chemical/physicochemical evidence. For fortunellone, the absolute configuration was established by comparison of experimental and predicted electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. Fortunellon and nomilin significantly increased the number of dead cells on adriamycin (ADR)-treated human cervical cancer cells (HeLa). On the other hand, fortunellon and nomilin did not affects the number of dead cells alone. These results suggested that fortunellone and nomilin may have the potency as the chemotherapy enhancement agents.

3-Hydroxy-8,14-secogammacera-7,14-dien-21-one: A New Onoceranoid Triterpenes from Lansium domesticum Corr. cv kokossan

A new onoceranoid triterpenes, namely 3-hydroxy-8,14-secogammacera-7,14-dien-21-one (1), has been isolated from the fruit peels of Lansium domesticum Corr. cv kokossan. The structure of 1 was determined on the basis of spectroscopic data including infrared, 1D and 2D-NMR, as well as high resolution mass spectroscopy analysis. Compound 1 showed a weak activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines.

Isolation and structure elucidation of constituents of Citrus limon, Isodon japonicus, and Lansium domesticum as the cancer prevention agents

In the course of our research to investigate the cancer prevention potency of natural products derived from plant materials, we isolated fifty-five compounds, including twenty-one new compounds from the peels of Citrus limon, aerial parts of Isodon japonicus, and leaves of Lansium domesticum. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by chemical/physicochemical evidence, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry results. Moreover, the absolute stereochemistry of the new compounds were elucidated by various techniques such as chemical synthesis, modified Mosher’s method, Cu-Kα X-ray crystallographic analysis, and comparison of experimental and predicted electronic circular dichroism data. The antimutagenic effects of the isolated and structure-elucidated compounds against heterocyclic amines, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido [4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), were evaluated by the Ames test and in vivo micronucleus test. In this review, we present the comprehensive results of the antimutagenic effects of the isolated natural products.

A bioactive compound isolated from Duku ( Lansium domesticum Corr) fruit peels exhibits cytotoxicity against T47D cell line

Background: Breast cancer is a major health problem for women globally. Many attempts have been promoted to cure cancer by finding new anticancer medicines from natural resources. Despite the richness of biodiversity discovered, there are some natural resources that remain unexplored. Fruit peels of Duku ( Lansium domesticum Corr.) are rich with compounds that may have the potential to be developed as anticancer drugs. This study aimed to isolate cytotoxic compounds from the fruit peels of L. domesticum and assess their cytotoxic nature against T47D cells. Methods: Powdered peels were macerated with ethyl acetate and the filtrate was evaporated to give EtOAc extract A. Dried extract A was triturated with n-hexane to give n-hexane soluble fraction B and insoluble fraction C. The cytotoxic nature of these three  samples were assessed using MTT assay using T47D cells and doxorubicin as a control. Results: Fraction C that showed the smallest IC50 (25.56 ± 0.64μg/mL) value compared to  extract A and fraction B. Fraction C was further fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography to give 6 subfractions. Subfraction 2 showed a single compound based on thin layer chromatography, and this compound was identified as Lamesticumin A on the basis of its spectroscopic data. Lamesticumin A demonstrated cytotoxic activity against T47D cell lines with an IC 50 value of 15.68 ± 0.30µg/mL. Conclusions: Further research is needed to investigate the potential of the natural compound Lamesticumin A derived from L. domesticum fruit peel as an anticancer therapy.

A bioactive compound isolated from Duku ( Lansium domesticum Corr) fruit peels exhibits cytotoxicity against T47D cell line

Background: Breast cancer is a major health problem for women globally. Many attempts have been promoted to cure cancer by finding new anticancer medicines from natural resources. Despite the richness of biodiversity discovered, there are some natural resources that remain unexplored. Fruit peels of Duku ( Lansium domesticum Corr.) are rich with compounds that may have the potential to be developed as anticancer drugs. This study aimed to isolate cytotoxic compounds from the fruit peels of L. domesticum and assess their cytotoxic nature against T47D cells. Methods: Powdered peels were macerated with ethyl acetate and the filtrate was evaporated to give EtOAc extract A. Dried extract A was triturated with n-hexane to give n-hexane soluble fraction B and insoluble fraction C. The cytotoxic nature of these three  samples were assessed using MTT assay using T47D cells and doxorubicin as a control. Results: Fraction C that showed the smallest IC50 (25.56 ± 0.64μg/mL) value compared to  extract A and fraction B. Fraction C was further fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography to give 6 subfractions. Subfraction 2 showed a single compound based on thin layer chromatography, and this compound was identified as Lamesticumin A on the basis of its spectroscopic data. Lamesticumin A demonstrated cytotoxic activity against T47D cell lines with an IC50 value of 15.68 ± 0.30µg/mL. Conclusions: Further research is needed to investigate the potential of the natural compound Lamesticumin A derived from L. domesticum fruit peel as an anticancer therapy.

Two new steroids with NO inhibitory effects from lansium domesticum

Chemical investigation of Lansium domesticum has led to the isolation of two undescribed compounds, namely 17(20)E-dyscusin B (1) and 17(20)Z-dyscusin B (2), as well as three known ones (3 - 5). Structural elucidation was accomplished by the analysis of NMR, MS and IR data. Compounds 1 and 2 were a pair of Δ¹⁷⁽²⁰⁾ geometric isomers of pregnane steroids and showed the significant nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities.