1
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Babu A, Sinha A. Catalytic Tetrazole Synthesis via [3+2] Cycloaddition of NaN 3 to Organonitriles Promoted by Co(II)-complex: Isolation and Characterization of a Co(II)-diazido Intermediate. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:21626-21636. [PMID: 38764698 PMCID: PMC11097157 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The [3+2] cycloaddition of sodium azide to nitriles to give 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles is efficiently catalyzed by a Cobalt(II) complex (1) with a tetradentate ligand N,N-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)quinolin-8-amine. Detailed mechanistic investigation shows the intermediacy of the cobalt(II) diazido complex (2), which has been isolated and structurally characterized. Complex 2 also shows good catalytic activity for the synthesis of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles. These are the first examples of cobalt complexes used for the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of 1H-tetrazoles under homogeneous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Babu
- Advanced Catalysis Facility,
Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore632 006, India
| | - Arup Sinha
- Advanced Catalysis Facility,
Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore632 006, India
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2
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Arche PDE, Chatterjee S, Talukder MM, Miller JT, Cue JMO, Udamulle Gedara CM, Lord RL, Biewer MC, Cisneros GA, Stefan MC. Regioselective Direct C-H Bond Heteroarylation of Thiazoles Enabled by an Iminopyridine-Based α-Diimine Nickel(II) Complex Evaluated by DFT Studies. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12319-12328. [PMID: 37603582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Direct C-H bond arylation is a highly effective method for synthesizing arylated heteroaromatics. This method reduces the number of synthetic steps and minimizes the formation of impurities. We report an air- and moisture-stable iminopyridine-based α-diimine nickel(II) complex for direct C5-H bond arylation of thiazole derivatives. Under a low catalyst loading and performing the reactions at lower temperatures (80 °C) under aerobic conditions, we produced mono- and diarylated thiazole units. Competition experiments and density functional theory calculations revealed that the mechanism of C-H activation in 4-methylthiazole involves an electrophilic aromatic substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Damien E Arche
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Shubham Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Md Muktadir Talukder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Justin T Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - John Michael O Cue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Chinthaka M Udamulle Gedara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Richard L Lord
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan 49401, United States
| | - Michael C Biewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - G Andrés Cisneros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Mihaela C Stefan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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3
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Saikia RA, Dutta A, Sarma B, Thakur AJ. Metal-Free Regioselective N 2-Arylation of 1 H-Tetrazoles with Diaryliodonium Salts. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9782-9796. [PMID: 35849501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple, metal-free regioselective N2-arylation strategy for 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles with diaryliodonium salts to access 2-aryl-5-substituted-tetrazoles. Diaryliodonium salts with a wide range of both electron-rich and previously challenged electron-deficient aryl groups are applicable in this method. Diversely functionalized tetrazoles are tolerable also. We have devised a one-pot system to synthesize 2,5-diaryl-tetrazoles directly from nitriles. The synthetic utility of this method is furthered extended to late-stage arylation of two biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raktim Abha Saikia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur 784028, India
| | - Anurag Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur 784028, India
| | - Bipul Sarma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur 784028, India
| | - Ashim Jyoti Thakur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur 784028, India
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4
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Grammatoglou K, Da̅rziņa M, Jirgensons A. Functionalization of Tetrazoles Bearing the Electrochemically Cleavable 1 N-(6-Methylpyridyl-2-methyl) Protecting Group. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:18103-18109. [PMID: 35664598 PMCID: PMC9161418 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
6-Methylpyridyl-2-methyl protected tetrazoles can be C-H deprotonated using the turbo-Grignard reagent and involved in the reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The protecting group can be cleaved under reductive electrochemical conditions using Pb bronze as a cathode and Zn as a sacrificial anode.
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5
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Liu L, Durai M, Doucet H. Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Regiodivergent C−H Arylations of Aryl‐Substituted Azoles. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linhao Liu
- CNRS ISCR-UMR 6226 Univ Rennes 35000 Rennes France
| | | | - Henri Doucet
- CNRS ISCR-UMR 6226 Univ Rennes 35000 Rennes France
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6
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Grammatoglou K, Jirgensons A. Functionalization of 1 N-Protected Tetrazoles by Deprotonation with the Turbo Grignard Reagent. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3810-3816. [PMID: 35081306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
1N-PMB-protected tetrazole undergoes C-H deprotonation with the turbo Grignard reagent, providing a metalated intermediate with increased stability. This can be used for the reaction with electrophiles such as aldehydes, ketones, Weinreb amides, and iodine. C-H deprotonation with the turbo Grignard reagent is compatible with the PMB-protecting group at the tetrazole, which can be cleaved using oxidative hydrogenolysis and acidic conditions. The method enables the tetrazole functionalization at the fifth position by overcoming the difficulties associated with retro [2 + 3] cycloaddition of the metalated intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aigars Jirgensons
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
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Reynard G, Moisan-Labelle J, Parent É, Lebel H. Understanding the regioselectivity of 5-substituted 1 H-tetrazoles alkylation. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03841b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel rational to account for the selectivity of 5-substituted 1H-tetrazole alkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Reynard
- Department of Chemistry and Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Julien Moisan-Labelle
- Department of Chemistry and Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Étienne Parent
- Department of Chemistry and Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Hélène Lebel
- Department of Chemistry and Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada
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8
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Reynard G, Lebel H. Alkylation of 5-Substituted 1 H-Tetrazoles via the Diazotization of Aliphatic Amines. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12452-12459. [PMID: 34479404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A new alkylation reaction of monosubstituted tetrazoles via the diazotization of aliphatic amines is reported. This method enables preferential formation of 2,5-disubstituted tetrazoles. A one-pot 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition/diazotization sequence starting from widely available nitriles is also described. Azide residues are quenched in the second step with the nitrite reagent, thus limiting the intrinsic risk associated with trimethylsilyl azide. The reaction conditions were compatible with several functional groups, including thiocyanates, which afford preferentially disubstituted 2-alkyl-5-(substituted-thio)tetrazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Reynard
- Département de Chimie, Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Hélène Lebel
- Département de Chimie, Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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