1
|
Pecchini P, Fochi M, Bartoccini F, Piersanti G, Bernardi L. Enantioselective organocatalytic strategies to access noncanonical α-amino acids. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5832-5868. [PMID: 38665517 PMCID: PMC11041364 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01081g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis has evolved over the years and continues to attract the interest of many researchers worldwide. Enantiopure noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) are valuable building blocks in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and chemical biology. They are employed in the elaboration of peptides and proteins with enhanced activities and/or improved properties compared to their natural counterparts, as chiral catalysts, in chiral ligand design, and as chiral building blocks for asymmetric syntheses of complex molecules, including natural products. The linkage of ncAA synthesis and enantioselective organocatalysis, the subject of this perspective, tries to imitate the natural biosynthetic process. Herein, we present contemporary and earlier developments in the field of organocatalytic activation of simple feedstock materials, providing potential ncAAs with diverse side chains, unique three-dimensional structures, and a high degree of functionality. These asymmetric organocatalytic strategies, useful for forging a wide range of C-C, C-H, and C-N bonds and/or combinations thereof, vary from classical name reactions, such as Ugi, Strecker, and Mannich reactions, to the most advanced concepts such as deracemisation, transamination, and carbene N-H insertion. Concurrently, we present some interesting mechanistic studies/models, providing information on the chirality transfer process. Finally, this perspective highlights, through the diversity of the amino acids (AAs) not selected by nature for protein incorporation, the most generic modes of activation, induction, and reactivity commonly used, such as chiral enamine, hydrogen bonding, Brønsted acids/bases, and phase-transfer organocatalysis, reflecting their increasingly important role in organic and applied chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Pecchini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Center for Chemical Catalysis C3 & INSTM RU Bologna V. Gobetti 85 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Fochi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Center for Chemical Catalysis C3 & INSTM RU Bologna V. Gobetti 85 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 6 61029 Urbino PU Italy
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo Piazza Rinascimento 6 61029 Urbino PU Italy
| | - Luca Bernardi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Center for Chemical Catalysis C3 & INSTM RU Bologna V. Gobetti 85 40129 Bologna Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qiao XX, Zhao SN, Li Q, Ma T, Li G, He Y, Zhao XJ. Asymmetric Organocatalyzed Cyclization Cascade Reactions of 3,3-Difluoro-2-aryl-3 H-indoles and Enamides. Org Lett 2024; 26:1154-1159. [PMID: 38323790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of β-C(sp2)-H bonds in enamides has garnered increasing attention within the realm of organic synthesis. However, these remarkable advancements are predominantly dependent on transition metals; limited success has been achieved via organocatalytic catalysis. Herein, we report a CPA-catalyzed β-C(sp2)-H functionalization of enamides cascade intramolecular cyclization to synthesize the chiral dihydropyrimido[1,6-a]indoles bearing gem-difluoromethylene. Moreover, this methodology enables the synthesis of diverse chiral dihydropyrimido[1,6-a]indoles with outstanding enantioselectivities in moderate to high yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Xiu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Shi-Na Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ganpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
del Corte X, Martínez de Marigorta E, Palacios F, Vicario J, Maestro A. An overview of the applications of chiral phosphoric acid organocatalysts in enantioselective additions to CO and CN bonds. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01209j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since 2004, chiral phosphoric acids (CPAs) have emerged as highyl efficient organocatalysts, providing excellent results in a wide reaction scope. In this review, the applications of CPA for enantioselective additions to CO and CN bonds are covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xabier del Corte
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Edorta Martínez de Marigorta
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Palacios
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Javier Vicario
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Aitor Maestro
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qin W, Subhani M, Jiang C, Lu H. β-Keto acids in asymmetric metal catalysis and organocatalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10030-10046. [PMID: 34747960 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01481a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
β-Keto acids, ideal surrogates of inactive ketones, play an important role in organic synthesis. The asymmetric decarboxylative reaction using β-keto acids is the one which is being studied the most. Herein we present a comprehensive review on this research topic, which is generally classified according to different catalytic systems and chiral induction modes. Additionally, some extended utilities of these methodologies for synthesizing bioactive compounds were also summarized. This review will facilitate the synthetic community to understand the role of β-keto acids in asymmetric reactions, providing many new opportunities for further exploration in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Mahboob Subhani
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Chunhui Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Hongfei Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shen LW, Li TT, You Y, Zhao JQ, Wang ZH, Yuan WC. Inverse Electron-Demand Aza-Diels-Alder Reaction of Cyclic Enamides with 1,2-Diaza-1,3-dienes in Situ Generated from α-Halogeno Hydrazones: Access to Fused Polycyclic Tetrahydropyridazine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11472-11481. [PMID: 34343003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient inverse electron-demand aza-Diels-Alder reaction of cyclic enamides and 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes, which could be readily formed in situ from α-halogeno hydrazones and a base, has been successfully developed. With the developed approach, a wide range of fused polycyclic tetrahydropyridazines were smoothly obtained in up to 99% yield under benign reaction conditions. This reaction concept was also extended to acyclic enamide substrates for accessing 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazines. A gram-scale experiment and further derivatizations of the polycyclic tetrahydropyridazine products were also conducted to verify the practicability of the methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Shen
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong You
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Yuan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Merkens K, Aguilar Troyano FJ, Anwar K, Gómez-Suárez A. Synthesis of γ-Oxo-α-amino Acids via Radical Acylation with Carboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8448-8456. [PMID: 34060842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present a highly efficient, light-mediated, deoxygenative protocol to access γ-oxo-α-amino acid derivatives. This radical methodology employs photoredox catalysis, in combination with triphenylphosphine, to generate acyl radicals from readily available (hetero)aromatic and vinylic carboxylic acids. This approach allows for the straightforward synthesis of γ-oxo-α-amino acids bearing a wide range of functional groups (e.g., Cl, CN, furan, thiophene, Bpin) in synthetically useful yields (∼60% average yield). To further highlight the utility of the methodology, several deprotection and derivatization reactions were carried out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Merkens
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Khadijah Anwar
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Paul A, Kim JH, Daniel SD, Seidel D. Diversification of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines by C-H Bond Functionalization: Decarboxylative Alkylation of Transient Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1625-1628. [PMID: 32975859 PMCID: PMC7854982 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts by many practitioners in the field, methods for the direct α-C-H bond functionalization of unprotected alicyclic amines remain rare. A new advance in this area utilizes N-lithiated alicyclic amines. These readily accessible intermediates are converted to transient imines through the action of a simple ketone oxidant, followed by alkylation with a β-ketoacid under mild conditions to provide valuable β-amino ketones with unprecedented ease. Regioselective α'-alkylation is achieved for substrates with existing α-substituents. The method is further applicable to the convenient one-pot synthesis of polycyclic dihydroquinolones through the incorporation of a SN Ar step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Current address: College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott D Daniel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang Y, Li J, Li S, Ma J. Cobalt-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Dearomatization of 2-Aryl Indoles and in situ [3+2] Annulation with Enamides. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202104057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Paul A, Kim JH, Daniel SD, Seidel D. Diversification of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines by C−H Bond Functionalization: Decarboxylative Alkylation of Transient Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- Current address: College of Pharmacy Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Scott D. Daniel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yin Z, Hu W, Zhang W, Konno H, Moriwaki H, Izawa K, Han J, Soloshonok VA. Tailor-made amino acid-derived pharmaceuticals approved by the FDA in 2019. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1227-1261. [PMID: 32880009 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are among a handful of paramount classes of compounds innately involved in the origin and evolution of all known life-forms. Along with basic scientific explorations, the major goal of medicinal chemistry research in the area of tailor-made AAs is the development of more selective and potent pharmaceuticals. The growing acceptance of peptides and peptidomimetics as drugs clearly indicates that AA-based molecules become the most successful structural motif in the modern drug design. In fact, among 24 small-molecule drugs approved by FDA in 2019, 13 of them contain a residue of AA or di-amines or amino-alcohols, which are commonly considered to be derived from the parent AAs. In the present review article, we profile 13 new tailor-made AA-derived pharmaceuticals introduced to the market in 2019. Where it is possible, we will discuss the development form drug-candidates, total synthesis, with emphasis on the core-AA, therapeutic area, and the mode of biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Yin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Wenfei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
| | - Hiroyuki Konno
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Moriwaki
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd, 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd, 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain. .,Basque Foundation for Science, IKERBASQUE, Alameda Urquijo 36-5, Plaza Bizkaia, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|