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Ponomarev AV, Danilkina NA, Okuneva JS, Vidyakina AA, Khmelevskaya EA, Bunev AS, Rumyantsev AM, Govdi AI, Suarez T, Alabugin IV, Balova IA. Facile synthesis of diiodoheteroindenes and understanding their Sonogashira cross-coupling selectivity for the construction of unsymmetrical enediynes. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4096-4107. [PMID: 38695707 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Electrophile-promoted cyclizations of functionalized alkynes offer a useful tool for constructing halogen-substituted heterocycles primed for further derivatization. Preinstallation of an iodo-substituent at the alkyne prior to iodo-cyclization opens access to ortho di-iodinated heterocyclic precursors for the preparation of unsymmetrical heterocycle-fused enediynes. This general approach was used to prepare 2,3-diiodobenzothiophene, 2,3-diiodoindole, and 2,3-diiodobenzofuran, a useful family of substrates for systematic studies of the role of heteroatoms on the regioselectivity of cross-coupling reactions. Diiodobenzothiophene showed much higher regioselectivity for Sonogashira cross-coupling at C2 than diiodoindole and diiodobenzofuran. As a result, benzothiophene can be conveniently involved in a one-pot sequential coupling with two different alkynes, yielding unsymmetrical benzothiophene-fused enediynes. On the other hand, the Sonogashira reaction of diiodoindole and diiodobenzofuran formed considerable amounts of di-substituted enediynes in addition to the monoalkyne product by coupling at C2. Interestingly, no C3-monocoupling products were observed for all of the diiodides, suggesting that the incorporation of the 1st alkyne at C2 activates the C3 position for the 2nd coupling. Additional factors affecting regioselectivity were detected, discussed and connected, through computational analysis, to transmetalation being the rate-determining step for the Sonogashira reaction. Several enediynes synthesized showed cytotoxic activity, which is not associated with DNA strand breaks typical of natural enediyne antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ponomarev
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Natalia A Danilkina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Julia S Okuneva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Aleksandra A Vidyakina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina A Khmelevskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Alexander S Bunev
- Medicinal Chemistry Center, Tolyatti State University, 445020 Tolyatti, Russia
| | - Andrey M Rumyantsev
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Anastasia I Govdi
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Thomas Suarez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Irina A Balova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
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Functionalized 10-Membered Aza- and Oxaenediynes through the Nicholas Reaction. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27186071. [PMID: 36144808 PMCID: PMC9502870 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The scope and limitations of the Nicholas-type cyclization for the synthesis of 10-membered benzothiophene-fused heterocyclic enediynes with different functionalities were investigated. Although the Nicholas cyclization through oxygen could be carried out in the presence of an ester group, the final oxaenediyne was unstable under storage. Among the N-type Nicholas reactions, cyclization via an arenesulfonamide functional group followed by mild Co-deprotection was found to be the most promising, yielding 10-membered azaendiynes in high overall yields. By contrast, the Nicholas cyclization through the acylated nitrogen atom did not give the desired 10-membered cycle. It resulted in the formation of a pyrroline ring, whereas cyclization via an alkylated amino group resulted in a poor yield of the target 10-membered enediyne. The acylated 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide nucleophilic group was found to be the most convenient for the synthesis of functionalized 10-membered enediynes bearing a clickable function, such as a terminal triple bond. All the synthesized cyclic enediynes exhibited moderate activity against lung carcinoma NCI-H460 cells and had a minimal effect on lung epithelial-like WI-26 VA4 cells and are therefore promising compounds in the search for novel antitumor agents that can be converted into conjugates with tumor-targeting ligands.
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Li X, Lu H, Ji M, Sun K, Pu F, Ding Y, Hu A. Synthesis and biological properties of maleimide-based macrocyclic lactone enediynes. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5481-5488. [PMID: 35775821 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00571a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural enediyne antibiotics are powerful DNA-cleavage agents due to the presence of the highly reactive hex-3-ene-1,5-diyne units. However, the complicated chemical structure and thermal instability make their synthesis, derivatization, and storage challenging. Heterocycle-fused enediynes, which exhibit strong antineoplastic activity, are promising analogues of natural enediynes for medicinal applications. To this end, a series of maleimide-based enediynes with macrocyclic lactone moieties were synthesized through the Sonagashira coupling reaction. Differential scanning calorimetry and electron paramagnetic resonance results showed that these macrocyclic enediynes exhibited a rather low onset temperature and the ability to generate radicals at physiological temperature. In addition, the structure-activity relationship of enediynes was analyzed by changing the ring size and the substituents on the propargyl group. Cellular experiments indicated that the diradicals produced by these enediynes efficiently cleaved DNA and disrupted the cell cycle distribution, and consequently induced tumor cell death via an apoptosis pathway at low half inhibitory concentrations. Computational studies suggested that the maleimide moiety promoted the propargyl-allenyl rearrangement of the cyclic enediyne, enabling the generation of diradical species through the Myers-Saito cyclization, and then abstracted hydrogen atoms from the H-donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Haotian Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Mingming Ji
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Ke Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Fangxu Pu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yun Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Aiguo Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Ghosh T, Chatterjee J, Bhakta S. Gold-Catalyzed Hydroarylation Reactions: A Comprehensive Overview. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7151-7187. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00960a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hydroarylation of alkynes, alkene, and, allene is a cost-effective and efficient way to incorporate unsaturated moieties into aromatic substrates. This review focuses on gold-catalyzed hydroarylation, which produces aromatic alkenes,...
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Danilkina NA, Govdi AI, Khlebnikov AF, Tikhomirov AO, Sharoyko VV, Shtyrov AA, Ryazantsev MN, Bräse S, Balova IA. Heterocycloalkynes Fused to a Heterocyclic Core: Searching for an Island with Optimal Stability-Reactivity Balance. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16519-16537. [PMID: 34582682 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the search for fundamentally new, active, stable, and readily synthetically accessible cycloalkynes as strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) reagents for bioorthogonal bioconjugation, we integrated two common approaches: the reagent destabilization by the increase of a ring strain and the transition state stabilization through electronic effects. As a result new SPAAC reagents, heterocyclononynes fused to a heterocyclic core, were created. These compounds can be obtained through a general synthetic route based on four crucial steps: the electrophile-promoted cyclization, Sonogashira coupling, Nicholas reaction, and final deprotection of Co-complexes of cycloalkynes from cobalt. Varying the natures of the heterocycle and heteroatom allows for reaching the optimal stability-reactivity balance for new strained systems. Computational and experimental studies revealed similar SPAAC reactivities for stable 9-membered isocoumarin- and benzothiophene-fused heterocycloalkynes and their unstable 8-membered homologues. We discovered that close reactivity is a result of the interplay of two electronic effects, which stabilize SPAAC transition states (πin* → σ* and π* → πin*) with structural effects such as conformational changes from eclipsed to staggered conformations in the cycloalkyne scaffold, that noticeably impact alkyne bending and reactivity. The concerted influence of a heterocycle and a heteroatom on the polarization of a triple bond in highly strained cycles along with a low HOMO-LUMO gap was assumed to be the reason for the unpredictable kinetic instability of all the cyclooctynes and the benzothiophene-fused oxacyclononyne. The applicability of stable isocoumarin-fused azacyclononyne IC9N-BDP-FL for in vitro bioconjugation was exemplified by labeling and visualization of HEK293 cells carrying azido-DNA and azido-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Danilkina
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia I Govdi
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander F Khlebnikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander O Tikhomirov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Sharoyko
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey A Shtyrov
- Nanotechnology Research and Education Centre RAS, Saint Petersburg Academic University, 8/3 Khlopina Street, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail N Ryazantsev
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Irina A Balova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Singha M, Bhattacharya P, Ray D, Basak A. Sterically hindering the trajectory of nucleophilic attack towards p-benzynes by a properly oriented hydrogen atom: an approach to achieve regioselectivity. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5148-5154. [PMID: 34032259 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic addition to p-benzynes derived via Bergman cyclization has become a topic of keen interest. Studying the regioselectivity in such addition can reveal important information regarding the parameters controlling such addition. Recently, high regioselectivity has been achieved in nucleophilic addition to a p-benzyne derived from an ortho substituted benzo fused cyclic azaenediyne. Rather than having a freely rotating substitution, a rigid hydrogen atom coming from a suitable naptho fused enediyne and residing in the plane of the p-benzyne ring can offer hindrance to the trajectory of the nucleophile. This can lead to regioselectivity provided the other side remains relatively free of such hindrance. Based on that approach, halide addition to p-benzynes derived from naphtho fused cyclic azaenediynes was studied and a high level of regioselectivity was observed. Steric hindrance to the trajectory of nucleophile by the bay hydrogen was found to be the main cause of such regioselectivity; however, differential electrostatic potential as well as distortions at reactive centres have a minor role in controlling the regioselectivity. The products of such high yielding addition are the halo naphtho tetrahydroisoquinolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monisha Singha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur721302, India.
| | | | - Debashis Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur721302, India.
| | - Amit Basak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur721302, India. and School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur721302, India
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Efremova MM, Govdi AI, Frolova VV, Rumyantsev AM, Balova IA. Design and Synthesis of New 5-aryl-4-Arylethynyl-1 H-1,2,3-triazoles with Valuable Photophysical and Biological Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:2801. [PMID: 34068559 PMCID: PMC8126154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cu-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of methyl 2-azidoacetate to iodobuta-1,3-diynes and subsequent Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling were used to synthesize new triazoles derivatives: 5-aryl-4-arylethynyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles. Investigation of their optical properties by using UV absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopies revealed that all molecules possess fluorescence properties with the values of the Stokes shift more than 100 nm. The photophysical behavior of the two most promising triazoles in polar and non-polar solvents was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia M. Efremova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Anastasia I. Govdi
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Valeria V. Frolova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University (SPCPU), 14A Professor Popov Str., 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Andrey M. Rumyantsev
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Irina A. Balova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
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Monzón DM, Betancort JM, Martín T, Ramírez MÁ, Martín VS, Díaz Díaz D. Intramolecular Nicholas Reaction Enables the Stereoselective Synthesis of Strained Cyclooctynes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061629. [PMID: 33804118 PMCID: PMC7999112 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic products can be obtained through the intramolecular version of the Nicholas reaction, which requires having the nucleophile connected to the alkyne unit. Here, we report the synthesis of 1-oxa-3-cyclooctynes starting from commercially available (1R,3S)-camphoric acid. The strategy is based on the initial preparation of propargylic alcohols, complexation of the triple bond with Co2(CO)8, and treatment with BF3·Et2O to induce an intramolecular Nicholas reaction with the free hydroxyl group as nucleophile. Finally, oxidative deprotection of the alkyne afforded the cyclooctynes in good yields. Notably, large-sized R substituents at the chiral center connected to the O atom were oriented in such a way that steric interactions were minimized in the cyclization, allowing the formation of cyclooctynes exclusively with (R) configuration, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Moreover, preliminary studies demonstrated that these cyclooctynes were reactive in the presence of azides yielding substituted triazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M. Monzón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (D.M.M.); (M.Á.R.)
- Instituto de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (J.M.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Juan Manuel Betancort
- Instituto de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (J.M.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Tomás Martín
- Instituto de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (J.M.B.); (T.M.)
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Ramírez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (D.M.M.); (M.Á.R.)
- Instituto de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (J.M.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Víctor S. Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (D.M.M.); (M.Á.R.)
- Instituto de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (J.M.B.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: (V.S.M.); (D.D.D.)
| | - David Díaz Díaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (D.M.M.); (M.Á.R.)
- Instituto de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; (J.M.B.); (T.M.)
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (V.S.M.); (D.D.D.)
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