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Das B, Dahiya A, Patel BK. Isothiocyanates: happy-go-lucky reagents in organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3772-3798. [PMID: 38656266 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00281d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Owing to their unique structural features, isothiocyanates (ITCs) are a class of highly useful and inimitable reagents as the -NCS group serves both as electrophile and nucleophile in organic synthesis. ITCs share a rich legacy in organic, medicinal, and combinatorial chemistry. Compared to their oxygen equivalents, isocyanates, ITCs are easily available, less unpleasant, and somewhat less harmful to work with (mild conditions) which makes them happy-go-lucky reagents. Functionalized ITCs can finely tune the reactivity of the -NCS group and thus can be exploited in the late-stage functionalization processes. This review's primary aim is to outline ITC chemistry in the construction and derivatization of heterocycles through the lens of sustainability. For ease and brevity, the sections are divided based on reactive centers present in functionalized ITCs and modes of cyclisation. Scrutinizing their probable unexplored directions for future research studies is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bubul Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Bagadhar Brahma Kishan College, Jalah, Assam 781327, India
| | - Anjali Dahiya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India.
| | - Bhisma K Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India.
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2
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Maeda B, Murakami K. Recent advancement in the synthesis of isothiocyanates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2839-2864. [PMID: 38380440 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates exhibit various biological characteristics, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Their significance extends to synthetic chemistry, where they serve as valuable platforms for versatile transformations. Consequently, they have attracted the attention of biologists and chemists. This review summarizes recent advancements in the synthesis of isothiocyanates. Access to a variety of starting materials is important to prepare isothiocyanates with diverse structures. This review categorizes synthetic methods into three types based on the starting materials and functional groups: (i) type A, derived from primary amines; (ii) type B, derived from other nitrogen functional groups; and (iii) type C, derived from non-nitrogen groups. Recent trends in synthetic methods have revealed the prevalence of type-A reactions derived from primary amines. However, type B reactions have rarely been reported. Notably, over the past four years, there has been a notable increase in type C reactions, indicating a growing interest in non-nitrogen-derived isothiocyanates. Overall, this review not only outlines the advancements in the synthesis of isothiocyanates but also highlights trends in the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumpei Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan.
| | - Kei Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan.
- Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST)-PRESTO, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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3
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Liu L, Gu YC, Zhang CP. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Transformation of Carbamoyl Fluorides, Fluoroformates, and Their Analogues. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300071. [PMID: 37098875 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbamoyl fluorides, fluoroformates, and their analogues are a class of important compounds and have been evidenced as versatile building blocks for the preparation of useful molecules in organic chemistry. While major achievements were made in the synthesis of carbamoyl fluorides, fluoroformates, and their analogues in the last half of 20th century, an increasing number of reports have focused on using O/S/Se=CF2 species or their equivalents as the fluorocarbonylation reagents for the direct construction of these compounds from the parent heteroatom-nucleophiles in recent years. This review mainly summarizes the advances in the synthesis and typical application of carbamoyl fluorides, fluoroformates, and their analogues by the halide exchanges and fluorocarbonylation reactions since 1980.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG426EY, UK
| | - Cheng-Pan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Zheng L, Qiu X, Xiao Z, Ma X, Gao T, Zhou X, Wang Y, Guo Y, Chen QY, Liu C. Deoxygenation of ClSO 2CF 2COOMe with Triphenylphosphine for the Metal-Free Direct Electrophilic Difluoroalkylthiolation of Various Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37134234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A direct electrophilic difluoroalkylthiolation reaction of indole derivatives and other electron-rich heterocycles using methyl 2,2-difluoro-2-(chlorsulfonyl)acetate (ClSO2CF2COOMe) derived from Chen's reagent (FSO2CF2COOMe) is described. The ester group in the product can be further utilized in subsequent versatile transformations. The reactions provide good yields of the corresponding difluoroalkylthiolation products and exhibit high functional group compatibility. It is expected to serve as an alternative and practical protocol for difluoroalkylthiolation of various heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Food Science, Zhengzhou University of Technology, 18 Yingcai Street, Zhengzhou 450044, China
| | - Xin Qiu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Tianzeng Gao
- Henan Ground Biological Science & Technology Co., Ltd., 3 Tanxiang Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiumiao Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Food Science, Zhengzhou University of Technology, 18 Yingcai Street, Zhengzhou 450044, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Food Science, Zhengzhou University of Technology, 18 Yingcai Street, Zhengzhou 450044, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing-Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China
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Bag SS, De S, Bhuyan S. Intramolecular cyclization of isothiocyanyl amino acids/peptide: arrival at unnatural thioxoimidazolidinyl/thioxooxazolidinyl amino acids. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1451-1459. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03186-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Taponard A, Jarrosson T, Khrouz L, Médebielle M, Broggi J, Tlili A. Metal-Free SF 6 Activation: A New SF 5 -Based Reagent Enables Deoxyfluorination and Pentafluorosulfanylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204623. [PMID: 35471641 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The activation of SF6 , a potent greenhouse gas, under metal-free and visible light conditions is reported. Herein, mechanistic investigations including EPR spectroscopy, NMR studies and cyclic voltammetry allowed the rational design of a new fluorinating reagent which was synthesized from the 2-electron activation of SF6 with commercially available TDAE. This new SF5 -based reagent was efficiently employed for the deoxyfluorination of CO2 and the fluorinative desulfurization of CS2 allowing the formation of useful fluorinated amines. Moreover, for the first time we demonstrated that our SF5 -based reagent could afford the mild generation of Cl-SF5 gas. This finding was exploited for the chloro-pentafluorosulfanylation of alkynes and alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Taponard
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tristan Jarrosson
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lhoussain Khrouz
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR)ICR UMR 7273, Faculty of Pharmacy, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
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7
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Taponard A, Jarrosson T, Khrouz L, Médebielle M, Broggi J, Tlili A. Metal‐Free SF
6
Activation: A New SF
5
‐Based Reagent Enables Deoxyfluorination and Pentafluorosulfanylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Taponard
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Tristan Jarrosson
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Lhoussain Khrouz
- ENSL, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182 46 allée d'Italie 69364 Lyon France
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR)ICR UMR 7273 Faculty of Pharmacy 27 Bd Jean Moulin 13385 Marseille France
| | - Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246) Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, CPE-Lyon, INSA 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
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8
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Cellnik T, Healy AR. Sulfonyl Chlorides as Thiol Surrogates for Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation: One-Pot Synthesis of Thioethers and Thioesters. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6454-6458. [PMID: 35388690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method to synthesize thioethers and thioesters directly from readily available sulfonyl chlorides is reported. We demonstrate that a transient intermediate formed during phosphine-mediated deoxygenation of sulfonyl chlorides can be trapped in situ by activated alcohols or carboxylic acids to effect carbon-sulfur bond formation. The method is operationally simple and tolerates a broad range of functional groups. Special attention has been focused on the late-stage diversification of densely functionalized natural products and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Cellnik
- Chemistry Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island 129188, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
| | - Alan R Healy
- Chemistry Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Saadiyat Island 129188, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
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9
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Janczewski Ł. Sulforaphane and Its Bifunctional Analogs: Synthesis and Biological Activity. Molecules 2022; 27:1750. [PMID: 35268851 PMCID: PMC8911885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, various plants have been studied as sources of biologically active compounds. Compounds with anticancer and antimicrobial properties are the most frequently desired. Cruciferous plants, including Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and wasabi, have a special role in the research studies. Studies have shown that consumption of these plants reduce the risk of lung, breast, and prostate cancers. The high chemopreventive and anticancer potential of cruciferous plants results from the presence of a large amount of glucosinolates, which, under the influence of myrosinase, undergo an enzymatic transformation to biologically active isothiocyanates (ITCs). Natural isothiocyanates, such as benzyl isothiocyanate, phenethyl isothiocyanate, or the best-tested sulforaphane, possess anticancer activity at all stages of the carcinogenesis process, show antibacterial activity, and are used in organic synthesis. Methods of synthesis of sulforaphane, as well as its natural or synthetic bifunctional analogues with sulfinyl, sulfanyl, sulfonyl, phosphonate, phosphinate, phosphine oxide, carbonyl, ester, carboxamide, ether, or additional isothiocyanate functional groups, and with the unbranched alkyl chain containing 2-6 carbon atoms, are discussed in this review. The biological activity of these compounds are also reported. In the first section, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, and mercapturic acids (their metabolites) are briefly characterized. Additionally, the most studied anticancer and antibacterial mechanisms of ITC actions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Janczewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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10
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Klimochkin YN, Ivleva EA, Shiryaev VA. Reactions of Cage Substrates with Sulfur Nucleophiles. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Nickisch R, Conen P, Gabrielsen SM, Meier MAR. A more sustainable isothiocyanate synthesis by amine catalyzed sulfurization of isocyanides with elemental sulfur. RSC Adv 2021; 11:3134-3142. [PMID: 35424261 PMCID: PMC8693870 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10436a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are typically prepared using amines and highly toxic reagents such as thiophosgene, its derivatives, or CS2. In this work, an investigation of a multicomponent reaction (MCR) using isocyanides, elemental sulfur and amines revealed that isocyanides can be converted to isothiocyanates using sulfur and catalytic amounts of amine bases, especially DBU (down to 2 mol%). This new catalytic reaction was optimized in terms of sustainability, especially considering benign solvents such as Cyrene™ or γ-butyrolactone (GBL) under moderate heating (40 °C). Purification by column chromatography was further optimized to generate less waste by maintaining high purity of the product. Thus, E-factors as low as 0.989 were achieved and the versatility of this straightforward procedure was shown by converting 20 different isocyanides under catalytic conditions, while obtaining moderate to high yields (34-95%).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nickisch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany http://www.meier-michael.com
| | - P Conen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany http://www.meier-michael.com
| | - S M Gabrielsen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany http://www.meier-michael.com
| | - M A R Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany http://www.meier-michael.com
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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