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Alshahrani S, Al-Majid AM, Alamary AS, Ali M, Altowyan MS, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Yousuf S, Barakat A. Synthesis and Characterization of New Spirooxindoles Including Triazole and Benzimidazole Pharmacophores via [3+2] Cycloaddition Reaction: An MEDT Study of the Mechanism and Selectivity. Molecules 2023; 28:6976. [PMID: 37836817 PMCID: PMC10574610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of spirooxindoles based on benzimidazole, triazole, and isatin moieties were synthesized via a [3+2] cycloaddition reaction protocol in one step. The single X-ray crystal structure of the intermediate triazole-benzimidazole 4 was solved. The new chemical structures of these spirooxindole molecules have been achieved for the first time. The final synthesized chemical architecture has differently characterized electronic effects. An MEDT study of the key 32CA reaction between in situ generated azomethine ylide (AY) and chalcones explained the low reaction rates and the total selectivities observed. The supernucleophilic character of AY and the strong electrophilicity of chalcones favor these reactions through a highly polar two-stage one-step mechanism in which bond formation at the β-conjugated carbon of the chalcones is more advanced. The present combined experimental and theoretical study reports the synthesis of new spirooxindoles with potential biological activities and fully characterizes the molecular mechanisms for their formation through the key 32CA reaction step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (A.M.A.-M.); (A.S.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Abdullah Mohammed Al-Majid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (A.M.A.-M.); (A.S.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Abdullah Saleh Alamary
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (A.M.A.-M.); (A.S.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (A.M.A.-M.); (A.S.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Mezna Saleh Altowyan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Sammer Yousuf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;
| | - Assem Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (A.M.A.-M.); (A.S.A.); (M.A.)
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Domingo LR, Ríos‐Gutiérrez M, Acharjee N. Unveiling the
cb‐type
Intramolecular [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Fluorinated Azomethine Ylides to Ester Carbonyls with a Molecular Electron Density Theory Perspective. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot, E 46100 Valencia Spain
| | - M. Ríos‐Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot, E 46100 Valencia Spain
| | - Nivedita Acharjee
- Department of Chemistry Durgapur Government College J. N. Avenue Durgapur West Bengal 713214 India
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Domingo LR, Aurell MJ, Ríos‐Gutiérrez M. Does Cr(CO)
3
Really behave as Catalyst in the Diels‐Alder Reaction of Styrene with Cyclopentadiene? A Molecular Electron Density Theory Study. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50 E-46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - María José Aurell
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50 E-46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Mar Ríos‐Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50 E-46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
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4
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Liu X, Feng H, Li Y, Ma X, Yan Q. Effects of high‐energy multicore ferrocene‐based catalysts on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Science Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Haitao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Science Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Science Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, School of Science Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Qilong Yan
- Science and Technology on Combustion, Internal Flow and Thermostructure Laboratory Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
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5
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Domingo LR, Pérez P. A molecular electron density theory study of the higher-order cycloaddition reactions of tropone with electron-rich ethylenes. The role of the Lewis acid catalyst in the mechanism and pseudocyclic selectivity. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04962c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Weak attractive/repulsive electronic interactions control the [4+2]/[8+2] pseudocyclic selectivity in Lewis acid catalyzed cycloaddition reactions of tropone with nucleophilic ethylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Av. República 498, 8370146, Chile
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Domingo LR, Pérez P. Understanding the higher–order cycloaddition reactions of heptafulvene, tropone, and its nitrogen derivatives, with electrophilic and nucleophilic ethylenes inside the molecular electron density theory. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01540d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity and selectivity in higher–order cycloadditions of cycloheptatrienes A–D with ethylenes E–G are studied within the MEDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Av. República 498, 8370146, Chile
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Domingo LR, Kula K, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Jasiński R. Understanding the Participation of Fluorinated Azomethine Ylides in Carbenoid-Type [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions with Ynal Systems: A Molecular Electron Density Theory Study. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12644-12653. [PMID: 34464534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The carbenoid-type (cb-type) 32CA reaction of 1,1-difluoroated azomethine ylide (DFAY) with phenylpropynal has been studied using the molecular electron density theory (MEDT). Electron localization function (ELF) characterizes DFAY as a carbenoid species participating in cb-type 32CA reactions. The supernucleophilic character of DFAY and the strong electrophilic character of the ynal cause this polar 32CA reaction to have an unappreciable barrier; the reaction, which is highly exothermic, presents total chemo- and regioselectivity. ELF topological analysis of the bonding changes along the reaction establishes its non-concerted two-stage one-step mechanism, in which the nucleophilic attack of the carbenoid carbon of DFAY on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the ynal characterizes the cb-type reactivity of this three-atom component (TAC). The presence of two fluorines at DFAY modifies the pseudodiradical structure and reactivity of the simplest azomethine ylide to that of a carbenoid TAC participating in cb-type 32CA reactions toward electrophilic ethylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia E-46100, Spain
| | - Karolina Kula
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, Cracow 31-155, Poland
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia E-46100, Spain
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, Cracow 31-155, Poland
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Soleymani M, Chegeni M, Mohammadi E. BF3-catalyzed oxa-Diels–Alder reaction of ethyl vinyl sulfide and β-methyl-α-phenylacrolein: a molecular electron density theory study. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Unveiling the Intramolecular Ionic Diels–Alder Reactions within Molecular Electron Density Theory. CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intramolecular ionic Diels–Alder (IIDA) reactions of two dieniminiums were studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) at the ωB97XD/6-311G(d,p) computational level. Topological analysis of the electron localization function (ELF) of dieniminiums showed that their electronic structures can been seen as the sum of those of butadiene and ethaniminium. The superelectrophilic character of dieniminiums accounts for the high intramolecular global electron density transfer taking place from the diene framework to the iminium one at the transition state structures (TSs) of these IIDA reactions, which are classified as the forward electro density flux. The activation enthalpy associated with the IIDA reaction of the experimental dieniminium, 8.7 kcal·mol−1, was closer to that of the ionic Diels–Alder (I-DA) reaction between butadiene and ethaniminium, 9.3 kcal·mol−1. However, the activation Gibbs free energy of the IIDA reaction was 12.7 kcal·mol−1 lower than that of the intermolecular I-DA reaction. The strong exergonic character of the IIDA reaction, higher than 20.5 kcal·mol−1, makes the reaction irreversible. These IIDA reactions present a total re/exo and si/endo diastereoselectivity, which is controlled by the most favorable chair conformation of the tetramethylene chain. ELF topological analysis of the single bond formation indicated that these IIDA reactions take place through a non-concerted two-stage one-step mechanism. Finally, ELF and atoms-in-molecules (AIM) topological analyses of the TS associated with the inter and intramolecular processes showed the great similarity between them.
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Aurell MJ. Unveiling the Ionic Diels-Alder Reactions within the Molecular Electron Density Theory. Molecules 2021; 26:3638. [PMID: 34198640 PMCID: PMC8232178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ionic Diels-Alder (I-DA) reactions of a series of six iminium cations with cyclopentadiene have been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT). The superelectrophilic character of iminium cations, ω > 8.20 eV, accounts for the high reactivity of these species participating in I-DA reactions. The activation energies are found to be between 13 and 20 kcal·mol-1 lower in energy than those associated with the corresponding Diels-Alder (DA) reactions of neutral imines. These reactions are low endo selective as a consequence of the cationic character of the TSs, but highly regioselective. Solvents have poor effects on the relative energies, and an unappreciable effect on the geometries. In acetonitrile, the activation energies increase slightly as a consequence of the better solvation of the iminium cations than the cationic TSs. Electron localization function (ELF) topological analysis of the bonding changes along the I-DA reactions shows that they are very similar to those in polar DA reactions. The present MEDT study establishes that the global electron density transfer (GEDT) taking place at the TSs of I-DA reactions, and not steric (Pauli) repulsions such as have been recently proposed, are responsible for the features of these types of DA reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (M.J.A.)
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Perfluorobicyclo[2.2.0]hex-1(4)-ene as unique partner for Diels–Alder reactions with benzene: a density functional theory study. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe mechanism of the Diels–Alder reactions between perfluorobicyclo[2.2.0]hex-1(4)-ene (1a) and bicyclo[2.2.0]hex-1(4)-ene (1b) with benzene (2a) and naphthalene (2b) has been studied within the density functional theory at the MPWB1K/6-311G(d,p) level. The bonding pattern in these reactions is analyzed in the topology of the electron localization function within the bonding evolution theory perspective. The bonding electron density changes along the reaction paths reveal that the C–C bond formation takes place through a synchronous and non-concerted one-step mechanism and proceeds with a moderate activation energy. The reactivity order with 1a is 2a–2b. The reactions begin by the rupture of the double bond in the strained 1a-b molecules, and then two pseudoradical centers at the 1a-b fragments are created. Finally, at the same time, two new single bonds are formed in the cycloaddition products. The TSs proceed with high global electron density transfer providing a polar character at these reactions.
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