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Konar D, Stewart KA, Moerschel J, Rynk JF, Sumerlin BS. Polysquaramides. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:972-978. [PMID: 39038279 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Thermoplastics, while advantageous for their processability and recyclability, often compromise thermochemical stability and mechanical strength compared to thermosets. Addressing this limitation, we introduce an innovative approach employing reversibly cross-linked polymers, utilizing squaramide moieties to reconcile recyclability and robustness. Herein, we detail the synthesis of supramolecularly cross-linked polysquaramides through the condensation polymerization of diethyl squarate with primary and secondary diamines. This methodology embeds hydrogen-bonding squaramide motifs into the polymer chains, yielding materials with significantly enhanced storage moduli, reaching up to 1.2 GPa. Material characterization via dynamic mechanical analysis, creep-recovery, and stress relaxation experiments delineate a distinctive rubbery plateau across a broad temperature range, excellent creep resistance, and multimodal viscoelastic flow, respectively, attributable to the dynamic nature of the supramolecular cross-links. Additionally, the study showcases the modulation of glass transition temperature (Tg) by altering the monomer composition and stoichiometry, demonstrating the tunability of polymer viscoelastic properties through precise control over hydrogen bonding interactions. Overall, the incorporation of squaramide motifs not only provides the structural integrity and mechanical performance of these thermoplastics but also leads to engineering materials with tailored viscoelastic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Konar
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kevin A Stewart
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jack Moerschel
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - John F Rynk
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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2
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Haque F, Thompson SW, Ishizuka F, Kuchel RP, Singh D, Sanjayan GJ, Zetterlund PB. Block Copolymer Self-assembly: Exploitation of Hydrogen Bonding for Nanoparticle Morphology Control via Incorporation of Triazine Based Comonomers by RAFT Polymerization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401129. [PMID: 38837298 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles of controlled non-spherical morphology is of profound interest for a wide variety of potential applications. Self-assembly of amphiphilic diblock copolymers is an attractive bottom-up approach to prepare such nanoparticles. In the present work, RAFT polymerization is employed to synthesize a variety of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-b-poly[butyl acrylate-stat-GCB] copolymers, where GCB represents vinyl monomer containing triazine based Janus guanine-cytosine nucleobase motifs featuring multiple hydrogen bonding arrays. Hydrogen bonding between the hydrophobic blocks exert significant influence on the morphology of the resulting nanoparticles self-assembled in water. The Janus feature of the GCB moieties makes it possible to use a single polymer type in self-assembly, unlike previous work exploiting, e.g., thymine-containing polymer and adenine-containing polymer. Moreover, the strength of the hydrogen bonding interactions enables use of a low molar fraction of GCB units, thereby rendering it possible to use the present approach for copolymers based on common vinyl monomers for the development of advanced nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Haque
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Steven W Thompson
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Fumi Ishizuka
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rhiannon P Kuchel
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Dharmendra Singh
- Organic Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific, Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Gangadhar J Sanjayan
- Organic Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific, Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Per B Zetterlund
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Singh D, Lakshmi D, Meena CL, Krishna GR, Sanjayan GJ. Carbamate-Protected (BOC and O-NB) 2-Aminopyrimidinedione-Based Janus G-C Nucleobase Motifs as Building Blocks for Supramolecular Assembly and Smart Polymers. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14953-14959. [PMID: 37851916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report "carbamate protected" 2-aminopyrimidinedione-based Janus G-C nucleobases (2-APD Janus G-C nucleobases) featuring polymerizable groups and self-complementary triple H-bonding motifs DDA and AAD as building blocks for developing smart polymers and self-healing materials. The carbamate-masked H-bonding motif, cleavable under acidic (BOC group) or photocleavable (O-nitrobenzyl group) conditions, would facilitate the synthesis of smart polymers by alleviating aggregation during polymerization which in turn would exclude self-assembly-assisted solubility issues. Ready accessibility in excellent yields coupled with the possibility for facile introduction of polymerizable groups would make these building blocks excellent candidates for diverse polymerization applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Singh
- Organic Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Durga Lakshmi
- Organic Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Chhuttan L Meena
- Organic Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Gamidi Rama Krishna
- Organic Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Gangadhar J Sanjayan
- Organic Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Wagh MA, Shinde DR, Gamidi RK, Sanjayan GJ. 2-Amino-5-methylene-pyrimidine-4,6-dione-based Janus G-C nucleobase as a versatile building block for self-assembly. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6914-6918. [PMID: 37593940 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01174g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
This communication reports a nature-inspired Janus G-C nucleobase featuring two recognition sites: DDA (G mimic) and DAA (C mimic), which is capable of forming a linear tape-like supramolecular polymer structure. As demonstrated herein, the amino group of this self-assembling system can be further modified to yield a highly stable quadruple H-bonding system as well as a masked self-assembling system cleavable upon exposure to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra A Wagh
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201002, India
| | - Dinesh R Shinde
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201002, India
| | - Rama Krishna Gamidi
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Gangadhar J Sanjayan
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh-201002, India
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López-Tena M, Chen SK, Winssinger N. Supernatural: Artificial Nucleobases and Backbones to Program Hybridization-Based Assemblies and Circuits. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:111-123. [PMID: 35856656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The specificity and predictability of hybridization make oligonucleotides a powerful platform to program assemblies and networks with logic-gated responses, an area of research which has grown into a field of its own. While the field has capitalized on the commercial availability of DNA oligomers with its four canonical nucleobases, there are opportunities to extend the capabilities of the hardware with unnatural nucleobases and other backbones. This Topical Review highlights nucleobases that favor hybridizations that are empowering for assemblies and networks as well as two chiral XNAs than enable orthogonal hybridization networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López-Tena
- University of Geneva, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, NCCR Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Si-Kai Chen
- University of Geneva, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, NCCR Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- University of Geneva, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, NCCR Chemical Biology, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Mondal S, Lessard JJ, Meena CL, Sanjayan GJ, Sumerlin BS. Janus Cross-links in Supramolecular Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:845-853. [PMID: 34984901 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermosets composed of cross-linked polymers demonstrate enhanced thermal, solvent, chemical, and dimensional stability as compared to their non-cross-linked counterparts. However, these often-desirable material properties typically come at the expense of reprocessability, recyclability, and healability. One solution to this challenge comes from the construction of polymers that are reversibly cross-linked. We relied on lessons from Nature to present supramolecular polymer networks comprised of cooperative Janus-faced hydrogen bonded cross-links. A triazine-based guanine-cytosine base (GCB) with two complementary faces capable of self-assembly through three hydrogen bonding sites was incorporated into poly(butyl acrylate) to create a reprocessable and recyclable network. Rheological experiments and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were employed to investigate the flow behavior of copolymers with randomly distributed GCB units of varying incorporation. Our studies revealed that the cooperativity of multiple hydrogen bonding faces yields excellent network integrity evidenced by a rubbery plateau that spanned the widest temperature range yet reported for any supramolecular network. To verify that each Janus-faced motif engages in multiple cross-links, we studied the effects of local concentration of the incorporated GCB units within the polymer chain. Mechanical strength improved by colocalizing the GCB within a block copolymer morphology. This enhanced performance revealed that the number of effective cross-links in the network increased with the local concentration of hydrogen bonding units. Overall, this study demonstrates that cooperative noncovalent interactions introduced through Janus-faced hydrogen bonding moieties confers excellent network stability and predictable viscoelastic flow behavior in supramolecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Mondal
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jacob J Lessard
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Chhuttan L Meena
- Organic Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Gangadhar J Sanjayan
- Organic Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Wagh MA, Maity R, Bhosale RJ, Semwal D, Tothadi S, Vaidhyanathan R, Sanjayan GJ. Three in One: Triple G-C-T Base-Coded Brahma Nucleobase Amino Acid: Synthesis, Peptide Formation, and Structural Features. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15689-15694. [PMID: 34623156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This note reports the synthesis and peptide formation of a novel triple G-C-T nucleobase amino acid (NBA) building block featuring three recognition faces: DDA (G mimic), DAA (C mimic), and ADA (T mimic). Readily obtainable in multigram scale in a remarkably easy one-step reaction, this unique NBA building block offers scope for wide ranging applications for nucleic acid recognition and nucleic acid peptide/protein interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra A Wagh
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Rahul Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr Homi Bhabha Road Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Rohit J Bhosale
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Divyam Semwal
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Srinu Tothadi
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Ramanathan Vaidhyanathan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr Homi Bhabha Road Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Gangadhar J Sanjayan
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
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