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Zheng Y, Chen C, Lu Y, Huang S. Recent advances in electrochemically enabled construction of indoles from non-indole-based substrates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8516-8525. [PMID: 39036971 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03040k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Indole motifs are important heterocycles found in natural products, pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, and materials. Although there are well-established classical name reactions for indole synthesis, these transformations often require harsh reaction conditions, have a limited substrate scope, and exhibit poor regioselectivity. As a result, organic synthesis chemists have been exploring efficient and practical methods, leading to numerous strategies for synthesizing a variety of functionalized indoles. In recent years, electrochemistry has emerged as an environmentally friendly and sustainable synthetic tool, with widespread applications in organic synthesis. This technology allows for elegant synthetic routes to be developed for the construction of indoles under external oxidant-free conditions. This feature article specifically focuses on recent advancements in indole synthesis from non-indole-based substrates, as well as the mechanisms underlying these transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Chunxi Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yanju Lu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Ren SY, Zhou Q, Zhou HY, Wang LW, Mulina OM, Paveliev SA, Tang HT, Terentʼev AO, Pan YM, Meng XJ. Three-Component Electrochemical Aminoselenation of 1,3-Dienes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5760-5771. [PMID: 37027491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Azoles and organoselenium compounds are pharmacologically important scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and natural products. We developed an efficient regioselective electrochemical aminoselenation reaction of 1,3-dienes, azoles, and diselenide derivatives to access selenium-containing allylazoles skeletons. This protocol is more economical and environmentally friendly and features a broad substrate scope; pyrazole, triazole, and tetrazolium were all tolerated under the standard conditions, which could be applied to the expedient synthesis of bioactive molecules and in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Yan Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Adesis Inc. A Universal Display Company, New Castle, Delaware 19720, United States
| | - He-Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Olga M Mulina
- Russian Acad Sci, Zelinsky Inst Organ Chem, 47 Leninsky Prosp, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Stanislav A Paveliev
- Russian Acad Sci, Zelinsky Inst Organ Chem, 47 Leninsky Prosp, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Hai-Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexander O Terentʼev
- Russian Acad Sci, Zelinsky Inst Organ Chem, 47 Leninsky Prosp, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ying-Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Jin Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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Wang Z, Li J, Liu Y, Chen Q, Zhang P, Wu J. Direct a-C(sp3)-H thioetheration/selenylation of nafimidone derivatives enabled by electrocatalysis. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Fan W. Bicyclization reactions of 1-aryl pyrazol-5-amines with 2,2-dihydroxyindene-1,3-dione: Selective synthesis of 2,6-naphthyridines and pyrrolizines. Tetrahedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2023.133378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Ji XS, Zuo HD, Shen YT, Hao WJ, Tu SJ, Jiang B. Electrochemical selective annulative amino-ketalization and amino-oxygenation of 1,6-enynes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10420-10423. [PMID: 36043317 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03922b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new electrochemical selective annulative amino-ketalization and amino-oxygenation of 1,6-enynes with disulfonimides and alcohols is reported, producing a series of functionalized benzofurans under catalyst- and oxidant-free conditions. The annulative aminoketalization proceeds with simple short-chain alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and n-propanol as O-nucleophilic reagents, while the reaction occurs in the annulative aminooxygenation direction in the presence of water and large steric sec-butyl alcohol (SBA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shuang Ji
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Hang-Dong Zuo
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China. .,School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ting Shen
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Wen-Juan Hao
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Shu-Jiang Tu
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
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Fang S, Chen W, Jiang H, Ma R, Wu W. Palladium-catalyzed oxidative C-H activation/annulation of N-alkylanilines with bromoalkynes: access to functionalized 3-bromoindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9666-9669. [PMID: 35946388 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03298h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward approach to the synthesis of 3-bromoindoles via palladium-catalyzed oxidative C-H activation/annulation of N-alkylanilines with bromoalkynes has been described. This protocol features high atom economy, excellent chemo- and regioselectivities, and good functional group tolerance. Moreover, the resultant 3-bromoindoles can be transformed to various functionalized indole derivatives, which demonstrates the practicability of this method in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songjia Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Wenhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ruize Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Wanqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Diao H, Liu L, Wang J, Lin Y, Zhao X, Zeng H, Shi S, Gao W, Yang L, Du G, Zhang L. Cupric Halide‐Promoted Stereoselective Intramolecular cis‐Addition to Construct (Z)‐Chloro(Bromo)benzo[c,d]indoles. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanying Diao
- Southwest Forestry University Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesive and Glued Products CHINA
| | - Li Liu
- Southwest Forestry University Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesive and Glued Products CHINA
| | - Jin Wang
- Southwest Forestry University Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesive and Glued Products CHINA
| | - Yanfei Lin
- Jiaxing University College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering CHINA
| | - Xiangyuan Zhao
- Southwest Forestry University Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesive and Glued Products CHINA
| | - Heyang Zeng
- Southwest Forestry University Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesive and Glued Products CHINA
| | - Senlei Shi
- Southwest Forestry University Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesive and Glued Products CHINA
| | - Wei Gao
- Southwest Forestry University Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesive and Glued Products CHINA
| | - Long Yang
- Southwest Forestry University Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesive and Glued Products CHINA
| | - Guanben Du
- Southwest Forestry University Yunnan Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesive and Glued Products CHINA
| | - Lianpeng Zhang
- Jiaxing University Chemistry Jiahang Road 138 314001 Jiaxing CHINA
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Nasri S, Bayat M, Miankooshki FR, Samet NH. Recent developments in green approaches for sustainable synthesis of indole-derived scaffolds. Mol Divers 2022; 26:3411-3445. [PMID: 35031935 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
An important issue to discover biological structures is the design of sustainable, safe, clean, cost-effective, excellent efficient synthetic reactions, and minimal energy consumption to provide structural diversity compounds with interesting biological properties. Among five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, indole-containing scaffolds are heterocyclic structures found in abundance in natural products and various synthetic compounds, which have received remarkable attention in recent years due to their therapeutic and pharmaceutical properties and valuable role in the process of drug discovery. Indoles can be synthesized by various procedures although most of these procedures have their own restrictions and drawbacks such as performing the reaction in a toxic solvent, need of transition-metal catalysts, and amount of waste solvents. Due to the medicinal importance of indole and the need for green methods of drug synthesis, this review highlights the latest green synthetic methods leading to the formation of indole-containing compounds focusing on the past 4 years with typical examples. This review is divided into two sections: green solvents and green techniques that lead to the synthesis of indole-derived scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Nasri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bayat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.
| | | | - Narges Habibi Samet
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
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Xie F, Sun Y, Song H, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Duan Y, Chen R. Cascade Reaction of 2-Naphthols and Azirines: One-Pot Synthesis of C-3 Naphthol-Substituted Benzo[ e]indoles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15631-15639. [PMID: 34643381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed annulation of 3-aryl-2H-azirines with 2-naphthols has been developed for the rapid assembly of C-3-naphthol-substituted benzo[e]indoles in one pot. This cascade reaction was realized through dearomatic nucleophilic ring opening of azirine, intramolecular cyclization, and oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling to furnish the important unreported π-expanded naphthol/benzo[e]indole biaryls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, China
| | - Yajun Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, China
| | - Hanghang Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, China
| | - Zengpeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, China
| | - Yue Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, China
| | - Rao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, China
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Qin XY, Wang JY, Geng FZ, Hao WJ, Tu SJ, Jiang B. Engaging yne-allenones in tunable catalytic silane-mediated conjugate transfer reductions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5394-5397. [PMID: 33942828 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01422f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
New tunable catalytic [2+2] cycloaddition/silane-mediated conjugate transfer reductions of yne-allenones have been developed, by which substituent-diverse cyclobutarenes with generally good yields were selectively synthesized by adjusting Fe-H and Cu-H catalytic systems. Use of the Fe-H system triggers 1,6-conjugate reduction to dihydrocyclobuta[a]naphthalen-4-ols whereas the Cu-H complex enables 1,4-conjugate reduction to cyclobuta[a]naphthalen-4(2H)-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Qin
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Jia-Yin Wang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Fang-Zhou Geng
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Wen-Juan Hao
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Shu-Jiang Tu
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China.
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Li W, Tang Y, Ouyang W, Lu Y, Chen J, He W. Electrochemical Selenylation of N-Unprotected Anilines for Consturcing 4-(Organylselanyl)anilines. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202109044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Xu H, Meng X, Zheng Y, Luo J, Huang S. Electrochemical Annulations of o-Alkynylanilines for Synthesis of 3-Iodoindoles. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202112016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhao F, Meng N, Sun T, Wen J, Zhao X, Wei W. Metal-free electrochemical synthesis of α-ketoamides via decarboxylative coupling of α-keto acids with isocyanides and water. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01351c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A mild and convenient electrochemical protocol has been developed for the preparation of α-ketoamides via a decarboxylative coupling reaction of α-keto acids with isocyanides and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, P. R. China
| | - Na Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Molecule, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, P. R. China
| | - Jiangwei Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Qinghai 810008, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Qinghai 810008, People's Republic of China
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Song KX, Qin XY, Ma ZX, Geng FZ, Hao WJ, Tu SJ, Jiang B. Photocatalytic three-component annulation enabling stereoselective generation of (Z)-thiochromene 1,1-dioxides. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00994j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new photocatalytic three-component annulation of 2-alkynylaryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates with γ-hydroxyl terminal alkynes and sodium metabisulfite is reported and used to produce a series of (Z)-thiochromene 1,1-dioxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xian Song
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Qin
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Xuan Ma
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Zhou Geng
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Juan Hao
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Jiang Tu
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China
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