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Kubyshkin V, Rubini M. Proline Analogues. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8130-8232. [PMID: 38941181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Within the canonical repertoire of the amino acid involved in protein biogenesis, proline plays a unique role as an amino acid presenting a modified backbone rather than a side-chain. Chemical structures that mimic proline but introduce changes into its specific molecular features are defined as proline analogues. This review article summarizes the existing chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical knowledge about this peculiar family of structures. We group proline analogues from the following compounds: substituted prolines, unsaturated and fused structures, ring size homologues, heterocyclic, e.g., pseudoproline, and bridged proline-resembling structures. We overview (1) the occurrence of proline analogues in nature and their chemical synthesis, (2) physicochemical properties including ring conformation and cis/trans amide isomerization, (3) use in commercial drugs such as nirmatrelvir recently approved against COVID-19, (4) peptide and protein synthesis involving proline analogues, (5) specific opportunities created in peptide engineering, and (6) cases of protein engineering with the analogues. The review aims to provide a summary to anyone interested in using proline analogues in systems ranging from specific biochemical setups to complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Rubini
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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2
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Liu Y, Hao A, Xing P. Ultrasensitive Solvatochirochromism of Single Benzene Chromophores. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400059. [PMID: 38409631 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Solvents influence the structure, aggregation and folding behaviors of solvatochromic compounds. Ultrasensitive solvent mediated chiroptical response is conducive to the fabrication of molecular platform for sensing and recognition, which however, remains great challenges in conceptual or applicable design. Here we report a cysteine-based single benzene chromophore system that shows ultrasensitivity to solvents. Compared to the ratiometrically responsive systems, the chiroptical activities could be triggered or inverted depending on the substituents of chiral entities with an ultralow solvent volume fraction (<1 vol %). One drop of dipolar solvents shall significantly induce the emergence or inversion of chiroptical signals in bulky phases. Based on the experimental and computational studies, the ultrasensitivity is contributed to the intimate interplay between solvents and chiral compounds that anchors the specific chiral conformation. It illustrates that structurally simple organic compounds without aggregation or folding behaviors possess pronounced solvatochiroptical properties, which sheds light on the next-generation of chiroptical sensors and switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiyou Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyao Xing
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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3
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Pollastrini M, Pasquinelli L, Górecki M, Balzano F, Cupellini L, Lipparini F, Uccello Barretta G, Marchetti F, Pescitelli G, Angelici G. A Unique and Stable Polyproline I Helix Sorted out from Conformational Equilibrium by Solvent Polarity. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13715-13725. [PMID: 36242553 PMCID: PMC9639007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyproline I helical structures are often considered as the hidden face of their most famous geminal sibling, Polyproline II, as PPI is generally spotted only within a conformational equilibrium. We designed and synthesized a stable Polyproline I structure exploiting the striking tendency of (S)-indoline-2-carboxylic acid to drive the peptide bond conformation toward the cis amide isomer, when dissolved in polar solvents. The cooperative effect of only four amino acidic units is sufficient to form a preferential structure in solution. We shed light on this rare secondary structure with a thorough analysis of the spectroscopic and chiroptical properties of the tetramer, supported by X-ray crystallography and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pollastrini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquinelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Marcin Górecki
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy,Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka
44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Federica Balzano
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cupellini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Filippo Lipparini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Gloria Uccello Barretta
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy,
| | - Gaetano Angelici
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy,
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4
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Enamullah M, Mostafizur Rahman M, Khairul Islam M, Woschko D, Janiak C, Pescitelli G. Characterization of Diastereomeric Equilibria of Pseudotetrahedral Bis[(R or S)-N-1-(Ar)Ethylsalicylaldiminato-κ 2 N,O]zinc(II) with Λ/Δ-Chirality-At-Metal Induction. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202200116. [PMID: 35822916 PMCID: PMC9278105 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of bis[(R or S)-N-1-(Ar)ethylsalicylaldiminato-κ2 N,O]-Δ/Λ-zinc(II) {Ar=C6 H5 (ZnRL1 or ZnSL1 ), p-CH3 OC6 H4 (ZnRL2 or ZnSL2 ) and p-ClC6 H4 (ZnRL3 or ZnSL3 )} compounds was synthesized and investigated by multiple methods. They feature Λ/Δ-chirality-at-metal induction along the pseudo-C2 axis of the molecules. The chirality induction is quantitative in the solid state, explored by X-ray crystallography and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), where R or S-ligated complexes diastereoselectively yield Λ or Δ-configuration at the metal. On the other hand, Λ and Δ-diastereomers co-exist in solution. The Λ⇆Δ equilibrium is solvent- and temperature-dependent. Electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra confirm the existence of a diastereomeric excess of Λ-ZnRL1-3 or Δ-ZnSL1-3 in solution. DSC analysis reveals thermally induced irreversible phase transformation from a crystalline solid to an isotropic liquid phase. ECD spectra were reproduced by DFT geometry optimizations and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations, providing ultimate proof of the dominant chirality atmetal in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dennis Woschko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Structural ChemistryHeinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf40204DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Structural ChemistryHeinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf40204DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Pisa56124PisaItaly
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5
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Kovačević M, Čakić Semenčić M, Radošević K, Molčanov K, Roca S, Šimunović L, Kodrin I, Barišić L. Conformational Preferences and Antiproliferative Activity of Peptidomimetics Containing Methyl 1'-Aminoferrocene-1-carboxylate and Turn-Forming Homo- and Heterochiral Pro-Ala Motifs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413532. [PMID: 34948332 PMCID: PMC8705031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of peptidomimetics is based on structural modifications of natural peptides that aim not only to mimic their 3D shape and biological function, but also to reduce their limitations. The peptidomimetic approach is used in medicinal chemistry to develop drug-like compounds that are more active and selective than natural peptides and have fewer side effects. One of the synthetic strategies for obtaining peptidomimetics involves mimicking peptide α-helices, β-sheets or turns. Turns are usually located on the protein surface where they interact with various receptors and are therefore involved in numerous biological events. Among the various synthetic tools for turn mimetic design reported so far, our group uses an approach based on the insertion of different ferrocene templates into the peptide backbone that both induce turn formation and reduce conformational flexibility. Here, we conjugated methyl 1'-aminoferrocene-carboxylate with homo- and heterochiral Pro-Ala dipeptides to investigate the turn formation potential and antiproliferative properties of the resulting peptidomimetics 2-5. Detailed spectroscopic (IR, NMR, CD), X-ray and DFT studies showed that the heterochiral conjugates 2 and 3 were more suitable for the formation of β-turns. Cell viability study, clonogenic assay and cell death analysis showed the highest biological potential of homochiral peptide 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kovačević
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.Č.S.); (L.Š.)
| | - Mojca Čakić Semenčić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.Č.S.); (L.Š.)
| | - Kristina Radošević
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Krešimir Molčanov
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Sunčica Roca
- NMR Centre, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Lucija Šimunović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.Č.S.); (L.Š.)
| | - Ivan Kodrin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (L.B.); Tel.: +385-1-4606-403 (I.K.); +385-1-4605-069 (L.B.)
| | - Lidija Barišić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (M.Č.S.); (L.Š.)
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (L.B.); Tel.: +385-1-4606-403 (I.K.); +385-1-4605-069 (L.B.)
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