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Soares JX, Loureiro DRP, Dias AL, Reis S, Pinto MMM, Afonso CMM. Bioactive Marine Xanthones: A Review. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:58. [PMID: 35049913 PMCID: PMC8778107 DOI: 10.3390/md20010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine environment is an important source of specialized metabolites with valuable biological activities. Xanthones are a relevant chemical class of specialized metabolites found in this environment due to their structural variety and their biological activities. In this work, a comprehensive literature review of marine xanthones reported up to now was performed. A large number of bioactive xanthone derivatives (169) were identified, and their structures, biological activities, and natural sources were described. To characterize the chemical space occupied by marine-derived xanthones, molecular descriptors were calculated. For the analysis of the molecular descriptors, the xanthone derivatives were grouped into five structural categories (simple, prenylated, O-heterocyclic, complex, and hydroxanthones) and six biological activities (antitumor, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifungal, antiviral, and miscellaneous). Moreover, the natural product-likeness and the drug-likeness of marine xanthones were also assessed. Marine xanthone derivatives are rewarding bioactive compounds and constitute a promising starting point for the design of other novel bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- José X. Soares
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.X.S.); (D.R.P.L.); (S.R.)
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.L.D.); (M.M.M.P.)
| | - Daniela R. P. Loureiro
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.X.S.); (D.R.P.L.); (S.R.)
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.L.D.); (M.M.M.P.)
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Investigation (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Laura Dias
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.L.D.); (M.M.M.P.)
| | - Salete Reis
- Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (J.X.S.); (D.R.P.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Madalena M. M. Pinto
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.L.D.); (M.M.M.P.)
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Investigation (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Carlos M. M. Afonso
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.L.D.); (M.M.M.P.)
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Investigation (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Khoshbakht M, Srey J, Adpressa DA, Jagels A, Loesgen S. Precursor-Directed Biosynthesis of Aminofulvenes: New Chalanilines from Endophytic Fungus Chalara sp. Molecules 2021; 26:4418. [PMID: 34361574 PMCID: PMC8347292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant endophyte Chalara sp. is able to biotransform the epigenetic modifier vorinostat to form unique, aniline-containing polyketides named chalanilines. Here, we sought to expand the chemical diversity of chalaniline A-type molecules by changing the aniline moiety in the precursor vorinostat. In total, twenty-three different vorinostat analogs were prepared via two-step synthesis, and nineteen were incorporated by the fungus into polyketides. The highest yielding substrates were selected for large-scale precursor-directed biosynthesis and five novel compounds, including two fluorinated chalanilines, were isolated, purified, and structurally characterized. Structure elucidation relied on 1D and 2D NMR techniques and was supported by low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry. All compounds were tested for their bioactivity but were not active in antimicrobial or cell viability assays. Aminofulvene-containing natural products are rare, and this high-yielding, precursor-directed process allows for the diversification of this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Khoshbakht
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (M.K.); (J.S.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Jason Srey
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (M.K.); (J.S.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Donovon A. Adpressa
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (M.K.); (J.S.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Annika Jagels
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32080, USA;
| | - Sandra Loesgen
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (M.K.); (J.S.); (D.A.A.)
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32080, USA;
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