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Chen DP, Yang CH, Wang WP, Li M, Gao F, Li SX, Ma W, Zhou ZZ, Wang XC, Quan ZJ. Fluoride-Mediated Aryne 1,2-Difunctionalization Involving C═S Bond Heterolysis. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10047-10053. [PMID: 38951997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
We have successfully synthesized a series of bidentate ligands by utilizing 2-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl trifluorosulfonate as a precursor for the benzyl group. This method proceeded by inserting a polythiourea into the C═S π-bond, intramolecular ring proton migration, and ring opening. Salient features of this strategy are mild reaction conditions, a novel product structure, excellent stereochemistry, and a good functional group tolerance. Furthermore, a series of density functional theory calculations were performed to gain insights into the transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ping Chen
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Chun-Hong Yang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Wen-Peng Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ming Li
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Shun-Xi Li
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Wen Ma
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Zhao-Zhen Zhou
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Xi-Cun Wang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Quan
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
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2
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Shin D, Kim S, Lee DH, Han SJ. Synthetic Strategies toward Ortho-3-propanoate Substituted Aryl Phosphonates by Three-Component Coupling Reactions of Arynes, Phosphites, and Acrylates. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38803278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Mild, metal-free, and operationally simple three-component coupling reactions involving arynes, phosphites, and acrylates have been achieved. The reaction proceeded well with α- or β-substituted acrylates. Additionally, various functional groups were tolerated under these reaction conditions, resulting in diverse ortho-3-propanoate-substituted aryl phosphonates. Moreover, the reaction can be used to synthesize a range of organophosphorus compounds present in natural products, materials, and biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwa Shin
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Kim
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck-Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Jung Han
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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3
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Xiong B, Yuan M, Shi C, Zhu L, Cao F, Xu W, Ren Y, Liu Y, Tang KW. Recent Advances in the Application of P(III)-Nucleophiles to Create New P-C Bonds through Michaelis-Arbuzov-Type Rearrangement. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:10. [PMID: 38457062 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds have long been considered valuable in both organic synthesis and life science. P(III)-nucleophiles, such as phosphites, phosphonites, and diaryl/alkyl phosphines, are particularly noteworthy as phosphorylation reagents for their ability to form new P-C bonds, producing more stable, ecofriendly, and cost-effective organophosphorus compounds. These nucleophiles follow similar phosphorylation routes as in the functionalization of P-H bonds and P-OH bonds. Activation can occur through photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, or thermo-driven reactions, often in coordination with a Michaelis-Arbuzov-trpe rearrangement process, to produce the desired products. As such, this review offers a thorough overview of the phosphorylated transformation and potential mechanisms of P(III)-nucleophiles, specifically focusing on developments since 2010. Notably, this review may provide researchers with valuable insights into designing and synthesizing functionalized organophosphorus compounds from P(III)-nucleophiles, guiding future advancements in both research and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biquan Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Minjing Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chonghao Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Longzhi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Wen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, People's Republic of China
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4
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Guo Y, Su J, Xu J, Song Q. Synthesis of Phosphachromones by Cyclized Coupling of Ethyl Hydrogen (Phenylethynyl)phosphonate with Arynes. Org Lett 2023; 25:6459-6463. [PMID: 37624072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward and efficient strategy for the synthesis of phosphachromones has been reported via the insertion of arynes into P-O bonds. This operationally simple reaction is compatible with different functional groups, affording various phosphachromones by the simultaneous formation of C-P and C-O bonds in one step with moderate to good yields, and the Fries rearrangement involving phosphorus atoms is a key step in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Chemical Engineering and College of Material Sciences Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Blvd, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Jianke Su
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Chemical Engineering and College of Material Sciences Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Blvd, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Chemical Engineering and College of Material Sciences Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Blvd, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Qiuling Song
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation, College of Chemical Engineering and College of Material Sciences Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Blvd, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, Fujian Province University, College of Chemistry at Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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5
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Kim HB, Jeong HJ, Jung JE, Lee JK, Lee DH, Han SJ. Three-Component Coupling Reactions Involving Arynes, Phosphites, and Aldehydes toward 3-Mono-Substituted Benzoxaphosphole 1-Oxides. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37224336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A mild, efficient, and transition-metal-free three-component coupling reaction involving arynes, phosphites, and aldehydes was established to afford 3-mono-substituted benzoxaphosphole 1-oxides. A range of 3-mono-substituted benzoxaphosphole 1-oxides was obtained from both aryl- and aliphatic-substituted aldehydes in moderate to good yields. Moreover, the synthetic utility of the reaction was demonstrated by a Gram-scale reaction and the transformation of the products into various P-containing bicycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Byeol Kim
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom Ro, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Jeong
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Jung
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyun Lee
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck-Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom Ro, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Jung Han
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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6
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Chen D, Yang C, Li M, Zhao G, Wang W, Wang X, Quan Z. Recent Progress on Arylation with Aryne through Three-Component Reaction. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202206006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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Ji SH, Kim S, Nam G, Lee DH, Han SJ. Synthetic Strategy for Aryl(alkynyl)phosphinates by a Three-Component Coupling Reaction Involving Arynes, Phosphites, and Alkynes. Org Lett 2022; 24:8295-8299. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Hyun Ji
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom Ro, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Kim
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ghilsoo Nam
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck-Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom Ro, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Jung Han
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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8
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Wang WP, Cui XH, Li M, Wang XC, Quan Z. Synthesis of P‐Arylphosphinecarboxamide Derivatives by Addition of N‐Arylphosphinecarboxamides with Aryne Precursors. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen peng Wang
- Northwest Normal University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xing hao Cui
- Northwest Normal University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Ming Li
- Northwest Normal University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xi cun Wang
- Northwest Normal University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhengjun Quan
- Northwest Normal University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anning East Road 967 730070 Lanzhou CHINA
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9
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Jeong HJ, Kim JH, Lee JK, Yoon HJ, Choi J, Han SJ. Synthesis of Benzoxaphosphole 1-Oxide Heterocycles via a Three-Component Coupling Reaction Involving Arynes, Phosphites, and Ketones. Org Lett 2022; 24:2192-2196. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Jeong
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyun Lee
- Neuro-Medicine Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwon Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Jung Han
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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10
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Ma L, Shang S, Yuan H, Zhang Y, Zeng Z, Chen Y. Ag(I)-catalyzed synthesis of (E)-alkenyl phosphonates by oxidative coupling of H-phosphites with β-nitroolefins. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Hu Y, Huang Y, Zhao X, Gao Y, Li X, Chen Q. A three-component reaction of arynes, sodium sulfinates, and aldehydes toward 2-sulfonyl benzyl alcohol derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7066-7073. [PMID: 34341811 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01229k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel three-component reaction of arynes, sodium sulfinates, and aldehydes under mild reaction conditions is described. This transformation provides a direct synthetic approach to 2-sulfonyl benzyl alcohol derivatives, which could be rapidly converted to diverse arylsulfur compounds via the transformation of the corresponding hydroxyl groups. Various aryne precursors, sodium arenesulfinates, and aromatic aldehydes can be effectively converted to the desired products in 40-84% yields (29 examples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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12
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Bembenek BM, Petersen MMS, Lilly JA, Haugen AL, Jiter NJ, Johnson AJ, Ripp EE, Winchell SA, Harvat AN, McNulty C, Thein SA, Grieger AM, Lyle BJ, Mraz GL, Stitgen AM, Foss S, Schmid ML, Scanlon JD, Willoughby PH. The Aryne-Abramov Reaction as a 1,2-Benzdiyne Platform for the Generation and Solvent-Dependent Trapping of 3-Phosphonyl Benzynes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10724-10746. [PMID: 34236859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic methodology utilizing two aryne intermediates (i.e., a formal benzdiyne) enables the rapid generation of structurally complex molecules with diverse functionality. This report describes the sequential generation of two ortho-benzyne intermediates for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted aryl phosphonates. Aryl phosphonates have proven useful in medicinal chemistry and materials science, and the reported methodology provides a two-step route to functionally dense variants by way of 3-phosphonyl benzyne intermediates. The process begins with regioselective trapping of a 3-trifloxybenzyne intermediate by an O-silyl phosphite in an Abramov-like reaction to bond the strained Csp carbons with phosphorus and silicon. Standard aryne-generating conditions follow to convert the resulting 2-silylphenyl triflate into a 3-phosphonyl benzyne, which readily reacts with numerous aryne trapping reactants to form a variety of 2,3-difunctionalized aryl phosphonate products. DFT computational studies shed light on important mechanistic details and revealed that 3-phosphonyl benzynes are highly polarizable. Specifically, the distortion in the internal bond angles at each of the Csp atoms was strongly influenced by both the electronegativity of the phosphonate ester groups as well as the dielectric of the computational solvation model. These effects were verified experimentally as the regioselectivity of benzyl azide trapping increased with more electronegative esters and/or increasingly polar solvents. Conversely, replacing the conventional solvent, acetonitrile, with nonpolar alternatives provided attenuated or even inverted selectivities. Overall, these studies showcase new reactivity of benzyne intermediates and extend the aryne relay methodology to include organophosphonates. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that the regioselectivity of aryne trapping reactions could be tuned by simply changing the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M Bembenek
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Maya M S Petersen
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Julia A Lilly
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Amber L Haugen
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Naomi J Jiter
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Andrew J Johnson
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Ethan E Ripp
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Shelby A Winchell
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Alisha N Harvat
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Caitlin McNulty
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Sierra A Thein
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Abbigail M Grieger
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Brandon J Lyle
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Gabriella L Mraz
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Abigail M Stitgen
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Samuel Foss
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Merranda L Schmid
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Joseph D Scanlon
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
| | - Patrick H Willoughby
- Chemistry Department, Ripon College, 300 West Seward Street, Ripon, Wisconsin 54971, United States
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