1
|
Hoque MA, Jiang T, Poole DL, Stahl SS. Manganese-Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation of Thioethers to Sulfoxides Using Water as the Source of Oxygen Atoms. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21960-21967. [PMID: 39042816 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen-atom transfer reactions are a prominent class of synthetic redox reactions that often use high-energy oxygen-atom donor reagents. Electrochemical methods can bypass these reagents by using water as the source of oxygen atoms through pathways involving direct or indirect (mediated) electrolysis. Here, manganese porphyrins and related mediators are shown to be effective molecular electrocatalysts for selective oxidation of thioethers to sulfoxides, without overoxidation to the sulfone. The reactions proceed by proton-coupled oxidation of a MnIII-OH2 species to generate a MnIV-OH and MnV═O species. This methodology is compared to direct electrolysis methods initiated by single-electron oxidation of the thioether, and chloride-mediated electrochemical oxidation of thioethers. The Mn-mediated reactions operate at lower applied potential and exhibit improved substrate scope and functional group compatibility relative to direct electrolysis, and the tunability of the Mn-based mediators allows for improved performance relative to chloride-mediated electrolysis. An electrochemical parallel screening platform is developed and applied to a library of pharmaceutically relevant thioethers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Asmaul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tianxiao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Darren L Poole
- Molecular Modalities Capabilities, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dorchies F, Serva A, Sidos A, Michot L, Deschamps M, Salanne M, Grimaud A. Correlating Substrate Reactivity at Electrified Interfaces with the Electrolyte Structure in Synthetically Relevant Organic Solvent/Water Mixtures. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17495-17507. [PMID: 38863085 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Optimizing electrosynthetic reactions requires fine tuning of a vast chemical space, including charge transfer at electrocatalyst/electrode surfaces, engineering of mass transport limitations, and complex interactions of reactants and products with their environment. Hybrid electrolytes, in which supporting salt ions and substrates are dissolved in a binary mixture of organic solvent and water, represent a new piece of this complex puzzle as they offer a unique opportunity to harness water as the oxygen or proton source in electrosynthesis. In this work, we demonstrate that modulating water-organic solvent interactions drastically impacts the solvation properties of hybrid electrolytes. Combining various spectroscopies with synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and force field-based molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we show that the size and composition of aqueous domains forming in hybrid electrolytes can be controlled. We demonstrate that water is more reactive for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in aqueous domains than when strongly interacting with solvent molecules, which originates from a change in reaction kinetics rather than a thermodynamic effect. We exemplify novel opportunities arising from this new knowledge for optimizing electrosynthetic reactions in hybrid electrolytes. For reactions proceeding first via the activation of water, fine tuning of aqueous domains impacts the kinetics and potentially the selectivity of the reaction. Instead, for organic substrates reacting prior to water, aqueous domains have no impact on the reaction kinetics, while selectivity may be affected. We believe that such a fine comprehension of solvation properties of hybrid electrolytes can be transposed to numerous electrosynthetic reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Dorchies
- Chimie du Solide et de l'Energie, UMR 8260, Collège de France, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Alessandra Serva
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Astrid Sidos
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
- Chemistry Department, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Michot
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Michaël Deschamps
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- CNRS, CEMHTI, UPR 3079, Université d'Orléans, F-45071 Orléans, France
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
| | - Alexis Grimaud
- Chimie du Solide et de l'Energie, UMR 8260, Collège de France, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Asra R, Malmakova AE, Jones AM. Electrochemical Synthesis of the In Human S-oxide Metabolites of Phenothiazine-Containing Antipsychotic Medications. Molecules 2024; 29:3038. [PMID: 38998990 PMCID: PMC11243251 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The tractable preparation of Phase I drug metabolites is a critical step to understand the first-pass behaviour of novel chemical entities (NCEs) in drug discovery. In this study, we have developed a structure-electroactivity relationship (SeAR)-informed electrochemical reaction of the parent 2-chlorophenothiazine and the antipsychotic medication, chlorpromazine. With the ability to dial-in under current controlled conditions, the formation of S-oxide and novel S,S-dioxide metabolites has been achieved for the first time on a multi-milligram scale using a direct batch electrode platform. A potential rationale for the electrochemical formation of these metabolites in situ is proposed using molecular docking to a cytochrome P450 enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ridho Asra
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Aigul Erbosynovna Malmakova
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Bekturov Institute of Chemical Sciences, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Alan M Jones
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar S, Chand S, Singh KN. Electro-oxidative coupling of Bunte salts with aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates: a benign access to unsymmetrical sulfoxides. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:850-856. [PMID: 38175526 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical strategy for the synthesis of unsymmetrical sulfoxides has been explored using Bunte salts and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates under constant current electrolysis at room temperature. In addition to being eco-safe and using mild conditions, the present protocol is free from the use of metal/oxidant, and is endowed with a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Shiv Chand
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Krishna Nand Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Diprima D, Gemoets H, Bonciolini S, Van Aken K. Selective and scalable oxygenation of heteroatoms using the elements of nature: air, water, and light. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1146-1154. [PMID: 37560135 PMCID: PMC10407787 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable oxidation protocols aim to provide an environmentally friendly and cost-effective method for the production of various chemicals and materials. The development of such protocols can lead to reduced energy consumption, fewer harmful byproducts, and increased efficiency in industrial processes. As such, this field of research is of great importance and interest to both academia and industry. This work showcases a sustainable and catalyst-free oxidation method for heteroatoms (e.g., S, P, and Se) using only air, water and light. An additional reaction pathway is proposed in which the incorporated oxygen on the heteroatoms originates from water. Furthermore, the addition of certain additives enhances productivity by affecting kinetics. The industrial potential is demonstrated by conveniently transferring the batch protocol to continuous flow using the HANU flow reactor, indicating scalability and improving safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Diprima
- Ecosynth, Industrielaan 12, 9800 Deinze, Belgium
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stefano Bonciolini
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu C, Yu J, Bao L, Zhang G, Zou X, Zheng B, Li Y, Zhang Y. Electricity-Promoted Friedel-Crafts Acylation of Biarylcarboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3794-3801. [PMID: 36861957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c03071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
An electricity-promoted method for Friedel-Crafts acylation of biarylcarboxylic acids is described in this research. Various fluorenones can be accessed in up to 99% yields. During the acylation, electricity plays an essential role, which might motivate the chemical equilibrium by consuming the generated TFA. This study is predicted to provide an avenue to realize Friedel-Crafts acylation in a more environmentally friendly process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jiage Yu
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Liang Bao
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Gaoyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Zou
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Bing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yiyi Li
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiong Z, Nie H, Zhang S, Hu M, Qin C, Wang S, Ji F, Jiang G. Electrochemically Driven Selective Removal of the S═N Bond-Directing Group Using Cyclohexanone Oxime as the Mediator. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4334-4344. [PMID: 36922910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
An inexpensive electrochemical induction system was used for the efficient reductive defunctionalization of sulfoximines through a radical pathway. This practical and robust strategy could be used for the removal of the S═N bond-directing group from various sulfoximines. The practicability of this method was demonstrated by its mild conditions, simple operation, one-pot procedure, gram-scale synthesis, and the undivided cell. Furthermore, preliminary mechanistic studies suggested that the reaction might proceed via a homocoupling reaction and a denitrification procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Xiong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Nie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqian Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoucai Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanghua Ji
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbin Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Klein M, Troglauer DL, Waldvogel SR. Dehydrogenative Imination of Low-Valent Sulfur Compounds-Fast and Scalable Synthesis of Sulfilimines, Sulfinamidines, and Sulfinimidate Esters. JACS AU 2023; 3:575-583. [PMID: 36873686 PMCID: PMC9975850 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe an electrochemical pathway for the synthesis of sulfilimines, sulfoximines, sulfinamidines, and sulfinimidate esters from readily available low-valent sulfur compounds and primary amides or their analogues. The combination of solvents and supporting electrolytes together act both as an electrolyte as well as a mediator, leading to efficient use of reactants. Both can be easily recovered, enabling an atom-efficient and sustainable process. A broad scope of sulfilimines, sulfinamidines, and sulfinimidate esters with N-EWGs is accessed in up to excellent yields with broad functional group tolerance. This fast synthesis can be easily scaled up to multigram quantities with high robustness for fluctuation of current densities of up to 3 orders of magnitude. The sulfilimines are converted into the corresponding sulfoximines in an ex-cell process in high to excellent yields using electro-generated peroxodicarbonate as a green oxidizer. Thereby, preparatively valuable NH sulfoximines are accessible.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar R, Taily IM, Banerjee P. Electrochemical sulfinylation of phenols with sulfides: a metal- and oxidant-free cross-coupling for the synthesis of aromatic sulfoxides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:310-313. [PMID: 36507914 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05207e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The site-selective C-H functionalization of arenes is of indisputable importance in organic chemistry. Herein, we have demonstrated an electrochemical regioselective oxidative cross-coupling towards the direct C(sp2)-H sulfinylation of phenols with sulfides under mild reaction conditions. The designed methodology furnished aryl sulfoxides in good to moderate yields under exogenous metal and oxidant-free conditions. Moreover, the exploitation of traceless electrons to carry out the tandem site-selective oxidative aryl chalcogenation is the striking feature of this methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Lab no. 406, S.S. Bhatnagar block, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Irshad Maajid Taily
- Lab no. 406, S.S. Bhatnagar block, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Prabal Banerjee
- Lab no. 406, S.S. Bhatnagar block, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab-140001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Le Viet LH, Nemoto H, Tamura M, Matsuda T. Asymmetric synthesis of sulfoxides by novel baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase from Fusarium. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
11
|
Forchetta M, Sabuzi F, Stella L, Conte V, Galloni P. KuQuinone as a Highly Stable and Reusable Organic Photocatalyst in Selective Oxidation of Thioethers to Sulfoxides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14016-14025. [PMID: 36219841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A chemoselective photocatalytic system to perform thioether oxidation to sulfoxide is presented. The light-induced oxidation process is here promoted by a metal-free quinoid catalyst, namely 1-hexylKuQuinone (KuQ). Reactions performed in a fluorinated solvent (i.e., HFIP), using O2 as the oxidant, at room temperature, lead to complete thioanisole conversion to methyl phenyl sulfoxide in 60 min. Remarkably, the system can be recharged and recycled without a loss of activity and selectivity, reaching turnover numbers (TONs) higher than 4000. Excellent catalytic performances and full selectivity have also been obtained for the photocatalytic oxidation of substituted thioanisole derivatives, aliphatic, cyclic, and diaryl thioethers. Likewise, the oxidation of heteroaromatic organosulfur compounds can be accomplished, with longer reaction times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Forchetta
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Sabuzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Conte
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Grillo G, Cintas P, Colia M, Calcio Gaudino E, Cravotto G. Process intensification in continuous flow organic synthesis with enabling and hybrid technologies. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.966451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial organic synthesis is time and energy consuming, and generates substantial waste. Traditional conductive heating and mixing in batch reactors is no longer competitive with continuous-flow synthetic methods and enabling technologies that can strongly promote reaction kinetics. These advances lead to faster and simplified downstream processes with easier workup, purification and process scale-up. In the current Industry 4.0 revolution, new advances that are based on cyber-physical systems and artificial intelligence will be able to optimize and invigorate synthetic processes by connecting cascade reactors with continuous in-line monitoring and even predict solutions in case of unforeseen events. Alternative energy sources, such as dielectric and ohmic heating, ultrasound, hydrodynamic cavitation, reactive extruders and plasma have revolutionized standard procedures. So-called hybrid or hyphenated techniques, where the combination of two different energy sources often generates synergistic effects, are also worthy of mention. Herein, we report our consolidated experience of all of these alternative techniques.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bottecchia C, Lehnherr D, Lévesque F, Reibarkh M, Ji Y, Rodrigues VL, Wang H, Lam YH, Vickery TP, Armstrong BM, Mattern KA, Stone K, Wismer MK, Singh AN, Regalado EL, Maloney KM, Strotman NA. Kilo-Scale Electrochemical Oxidation of a Thioether to a Sulfone: A Workflow for Scaling up Electrosynthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bottecchia
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - François Lévesque
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yining Ji
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Thomas P. Vickery
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Brittany M. Armstrong
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Keith A. Mattern
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin Stone
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael K. Wismer
- Scientific Engineering and Design, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew N. Singh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L. Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin M. Maloney
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Neil A. Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Feng CW, Wang DY, Lu HL, Xi ZW, Shen YM, Cao J. Photocatalytic Synthesis of Sulfinamides and Sulfoxides from Nitroarenes and Thiophenols. Org Lett 2022; 24:4485-4489. [PMID: 35678627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present an efficient and versatile visible light-driven methodology for synthesizing sulfinamides and sulfoxides using nitroarenes as the nitrogen source and thiophenols as the sulfur source. The switch-over of the two reaction pathways was achieved by changing the type of photocatalyst and the amount of thiophenol in the reaction mixture. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions with good functional group tolerance and can easily be scaled up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Yan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ling Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Wei Xi
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Miao Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jianyu Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mizushima T, Oka M, Imada Y, Iida H. Low‐Voltage‐Driven Electrochemical Aerobic Oxygenation with Flavin Catalysis: Chemoselective Synthesis of Sulfoxides from Sulfides. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Mizushima
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Shimane University 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue Shimane 690-8504 Japan
| | - Marina Oka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Shimane University 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue Shimane 690-8504 Japan
| | - Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Chemistry Tokushima University Minamijosanjima Tokushima 770-8506 Japan
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Shimane University 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue Shimane 690-8504 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yu Y, Wu SF, Zhu XB, Yuan Y, Li Z, Ye KY. Electrochemical Sulfoxidation of Thiols and Alkyl Halides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6942-6950. [PMID: 35512330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfoxides are actively engaged as versatile synthetic building blocks, chiral ligands, bioactive molecules, and function materials. However, their oxidative syntheses from thioethers are inevitably impeded by overoxidation, excess oxidants, and the tedious preparation of thioethers. To address these shortcomings, we report herein a highly selective electrochemical sulfoxidation reaction featuring the use of simple starting materials, i.e., thiols and alkyl halides, in a single operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shao-Fen Wu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Zhu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yu Y, Jiang YM, Zhu XB, Lin YY, Yuan Y, Ye KY. Electrochemical β-chlorosulfoxidation of alkenes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01111e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A green and sustainable electrochemical β-chlorosulfoxidation of alkenes with readily available thiols and hydrochloride as the limiting agents has been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yi-Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yong-Ying Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yaofeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xue Q, Sun Q, Zhang TT, Li Y, Li JH. Electrochemical oxygenation of sulfides with molecular oxygen or water: switchable preparation of sulfoxides and sulfones. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10314-10318. [PMID: 34783815 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01756j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A practical and eco-friendly method for the controllable aerobic oxygenation of sulfides by electrochemical catalysis was developed. The switchable preparation of sulfoxides and sulfones was effectively controlled by reaction time, in which both molecular oxygen and water can be used as the oxygen source under catalyst and external oxidant-free conditions. The electrochemical protocol features a broad substrate scope and excellent site selectivity and is successfully applied to the modification of some sulfide-containing pharmaceuticals and their derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xue
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Klein M, Waldvogel SR. Anodic Dehydrogenative Cyanamidation of Thioethers: Simple and Sustainable Synthesis of N-Cyanosulfilimines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23197-23201. [PMID: 34409715 PMCID: PMC8597142 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel and very simple to perform electrochemical approach for the synthesis of several N-cyanosulfilimines in good to excellent yields was established. This method provides access to biologically relevant sulfoximines by consecutive oxidation using electro-generated periodate. This route can be easily scaled-up to gram quantities. The S,N coupling is carried out at an inexpensive carbon anode by direct oxidation of sulfide. Therefore, the designed process is atom economic and represents a new "green route" for the synthesis of sulfilimines and sulfoximines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klein
- Johannes Gutenberg University MainzDepartment of ChemistryDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg University MainzDepartment of ChemistryDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Park JK, Lee S. Sulfoxide and Sulfone Synthesis via Electrochemical Oxidation of Sulfides. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13790-13799. [PMID: 34549959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of diaryl sulfides and aryl alkyl sulfides to the corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones under electrochemical conditions is reported. Sulfoxides are selectively obtained in good yield under a constant current of 5 mA for 10 h in DMF, while sulfones are formed as the major product under a constant current of 10 or 20 mA for 10 h in MeOH. The oxygen of both the sulfoxide and sulfone function is derived from water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyu Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|