1
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Magalhães CM, Esteves da Silva JCG, Pinto da Silva L. Investigation of the Chemiluminescent Reaction of a Fluorinated Analog of Marine Coelenterazine. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:868. [PMID: 38399119 PMCID: PMC10890627 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Bioluminescence (BL) and chemiluminescence (CL) are remarkable processes in which light is emitted due to (bio)chemical reactions. These reactions have attracted significant attention for various applications, such as biosensing, bioimaging, and biomedicine. Some of the most relevant and well-studied BL/CL systems are that of marine imidazopyrazine-based compounds, among which Coelenterazine is a prime example. Understanding the mechanisms behind efficient chemiexcitation is essential for the optimization and development of practical applications for these systems. Here, the CL of a fluorinated Coelenterazine analog was studied using experimental and theoretical approaches to obtain insight into these processes. Experimental analysis revealed that CL is more efficient under basic conditions than under acidic ones, which could be attributed to the higher relative chemiexcitation efficiency of an anionic dioxetanone intermediate over a corresponding neutral species. However, theoretical calculations indicated that the reactions of both species are similarly associated with both electron and charge transfer processes, which are typically used to explain efficiency chemiexcitation. So, neither process appears to be able to explain the relative chemiexcitation efficiencies observed. In conclusion, this study provides further insight into the mechanisms behind the chemiexcitation of imidazopyrazinone-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQUP), Instituto de Ciências Moleculares (IMS), Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.M.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
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2
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Chen F, Xia X, Ye D, Li T, Huang X, Cai C, Zhu C, Lin C, Deng T, Liu F. A Green-Emitting Luminol Analogue as the Next-Generation Chemiluminescent Substrate in Biochemical Analysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5773-5779. [PMID: 36919412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Luminol and its derivatives are extensively used as chemiluminogenic substrates in bioimaging and biochemical analysis. Luminol reagents can typically emit blue chemiluminescence (CL), whose wavelength is normally outside the most sensitive detection range of human naked eyes and most CL analyzers with silicon-based charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors. Development of luminol analogues with longer wavelength emission is thus attractive. Herein, four new phthalhydrazide CL probes (GL-1/2/3/4) have been prepared through the derivatization of luminol. The most promising one, 5-(4-hydroxy-1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione (GL-1), emits bright green CL upon oxidation and shows enhanced CL performance compared to its parent luminol. Bloodstain imaging, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-based immunoassay, and the analysis of glucose/glucose oxidase reaction have been performed using the GL-1 reagent. These results indicate that GL-1 is a new chemiluminogenic luminol analogue with great potential in real analytical applications and will be an alternative to replace luminol in practical CL analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.,Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Xia
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dong Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xinxin Huang
- Chemical Engineering College, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Chun Cai
- Chemical Engineering College, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chaozhan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Tao Deng
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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3
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Wang Q, Zhong J, Li K, Wu J, Wang X, Jiang S, Dai J, Cheng Y. Compact Luminol Chemiluminophores for In Vivo Detection and Imaging of β-Sheet Protein Aggregates. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1065-1073. [PMID: 36542087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation has been found in a wide range of neurodegenerative protein-misfolding diseases. The demand for in vivo technologies to identify protein aggregation is at the leading edge for the pathogenic study, diagnostic development, and therapeutic intervention of these devastating disorders. Herein, we report a series of luminol analogues to construct a facile chemiluminescence (CL)-based approach for in vivo detection and imaging of β-sheet protein aggregates. The synthesized compounds exhibited a distinct chemiluminescent response with long emission wavelengths toward reactive oxygen species under physiological conditions and displayed signal amplification in the presence of β-sheet protein aggregates, including α-synuclein, β-amyloid, and tau. Among them, CyLumi-3 was further evaluated as a chemiluminescent probe in preclinical models. By intravenous administration into the model mice via the tail vein, in vivo CL imaging noninvasively detected the specific CL of the probe targeting the α-synuclein aggregates in the brains of living mice. Based on its structural characteristics, CyLumi-3 can readily interact with α-synuclein aggregates with significantly enhanced fluorescence and can identify α-synuclein aggregates in vivo via distinctive CL amplification, which could pave the way for a more comprehensive understanding of protein aggregation in preclinical studies and would provide new hints for developing small-molecule chemiluminophores for protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kexin Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiapei Dai
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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4
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Pedro Silva J, González-Berdullas P, Pereira M, Duarte D, Rodríguez-Borges JE, Vale N, Esteves da Silva JC, Pinto da Silva L. Evaluation of the anticancer activity and chemiluminescence of a halogenated coelenterazine analog. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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5
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Abstract
Chemiluminescence (CL) utilizing chemiexcitation for energy transformation is one of the most highly sensitive and useful analytical techniques. The chemiexcitation is a chemical process of a ground-state reactant producing an excited-state product, in which a nonadiabatic event is facilitated by conical intersections (CIs), the specific molecular geometries where electronic states are degenerated. Cyclic peroxides, especially 1,2-dioxetane/dioxetanone derivatives, are the iconic chemiluminescent substances. In this Perspective, we concentrated on the CIs in the CL of cyclic peroxides. We first present a computational overview on the role of CIs between the ground (S0) state and the lowest singlet excited (S1) state in the thermolysis of cyclic peroxides. Subsequently, we discuss the role of the S0/S1 CI in the CL efficiency and point out misunderstandings in some theoretical studies on the singlet chemiexcitations of cyclic peroxides. Finally, we address the challenges and future prospects in theoretically calculating S0/S1 CIs and simulating the dynamics and chemiexcitation efficiency in the CL of cyclic peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yue
- Key Laboratory for Non-equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi710049, China
| | - Ya-Jun Liu
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai519087, China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
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6
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Tuning the Intramolecular Chemiexcitation of Neutral Dioxetanones by Interaction with Ionic Species. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123861. [PMID: 35744984 PMCID: PMC9228516 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The intramolecular chemiexcitation of high-energy peroxide intermediates, such as dioxetanones, is an essential step in different chemi- and bioluminescent reactions. Here, we employed the Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) methodology to evaluate if and how external stimuli tune the intramolecular chemiexcitation of model dioxetanones. More specifically, we evaluated whether the strategic placement of ionic species near a neutral dioxetanone model could tune its thermolysis and chemiexcitation profile. We found that these ionic species allow for the “dark” catalysis of the thermolysis reaction by reducing the activation barrier to values low enough to be compatible with efficient chemi- and bioluminescent reactions. Furthermore, while the inclusion of these species negatively affected the chemiexcitation profile compared with neutral dioxetanones, these profiles appear to be at least as efficient as anionic dioxetanones. Thus, our results demonstrated that the intramolecular chemiexcitation of neutral dioxetanones can be tuned by external stimuli in such a way that their activation barriers are decreased. Thus, these results could help to reconcile findings that neutral dioxetanones could be responsible for efficient chemi-/bioluminescence, while being typically associated with high activation parameters.
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7
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Discovering ester and ether derivatives of luminol as advanced chemiluminescence probes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Rationalizing the Role of Electron/Charge Transfer in the Intramolecular Chemiexcitation of Dioxetanone-Based Chemi-/Bioluminescent Systems. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Rodríguez-Muñiz GM, Mikroulis T, Pantelia A, Rotas G, Cuquerella MC, Vougioukalakis GC, Miranda MA. Modulation by Phosphonium Ions of the Activity of Mitotropic Agents Based on the Chemiluminescence of Luminols. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041245. [PMID: 35209033 PMCID: PMC8877776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria-targeting drugs and diagnostics are used in the monitoring and treatment of mitochondrial pathologies. In this respect, a great number of functional compounds have been made mitotropic by covalently attaching the active moiety onto a triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation. Among these compounds, a number of molecular detectors for reactive oxygen species (ROS) are based on fluorescent and chemiluminescent probes. In this regard, luminol (probably the most widely known chemiluminescent molecule) has been employed for a number of biological applications, including ROS detection. Its oxidation under specific conditions triggers a cascade of reactions, ultimately leading to the excited 3-aminophthalate (3AP *), which emits light upon deactivation. Hence, the photophysical interaction between the light-emitting species 3AP * and TPP cations needs to be evaluated, as it can add valuable information on the design of novel emission-based mitotropic systems. We herein investigate the quenching effect of ethyltriphenylphosphonium cation onto substituted 3-aminophthalates. These were prepared in situ upon hydrolysis of the corresponding anhydrides, which were synthesized from 3-aminophthalimides. Steady-state fluorescence and time-resolved experiments were employed for the evaluation of a possible electron transfer quenching by phosphonium ions. Our experimental results confirmed such quenching, suggesting it is mainly dynamic in nature. A minor contribution of static quenching that was also detected is attributed to complex formation in the ground state. Accordingly, the chemiluminescence of luminol was indeed strongly reduced in the presence of phosphonium ions. Our results have to be taken into account during the design of new chemiluminescent mitotropic drugs or diagnostic agents of the luminol family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M. Rodríguez-Muñiz
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain; (G.M.R.-M.); (M.-C.C.)
| | - Theodoros Mikroulis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece; (T.M.); (A.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Anna Pantelia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece; (T.M.); (A.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Georgios Rotas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece; (T.M.); (A.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Maria-Consuelo Cuquerella
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain; (G.M.R.-M.); (M.-C.C.)
| | - Georgios C. Vougioukalakis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Athens, Greece; (T.M.); (A.P.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.V.); (M.A.M.); Tel.: +30-210-727-4230 (G.C.V.); +34-963877-807 (M.A.M.); Fax: +30-210-727-4761 (G.C.V.); +34-963-879-444 (M.A.M.)
| | - Miguel A. Miranda
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain; (G.M.R.-M.); (M.-C.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.C.V.); (M.A.M.); Tel.: +30-210-727-4230 (G.C.V.); +34-963877-807 (M.A.M.); Fax: +30-210-727-4761 (G.C.V.); +34-963-879-444 (M.A.M.)
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10
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Tzani MA, Gioftsidou DK, Kallitsakis MG, Pliatsios NV, Kalogiouri NP, Angaridis PA, Lykakis IN, Terzidis MA. Direct and Indirect Chemiluminescence: Reactions, Mechanisms and Challenges. Molecules 2021; 26:7664. [PMID: 34946744 PMCID: PMC8705051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Emission of light by matter can occur through a variety of mechanisms. When it results from an electronically excited state of a species produced by a chemical reaction, it is called chemiluminescence (CL). The phenomenon can take place both in natural and artificial chemical systems and it has been utilized in a variety of applications. In this review, we aim to revisit some of the latest CL applications based on direct and indirect production modes. The characteristics of the chemical reactions and the underpinning CL mechanisms are thoroughly discussed in view of studies from the very recent bibliography. Different methodologies aiming at higher CL efficiencies are summarized and presented in detail, including CL type and scaffolds used in each study. The CL role in the development of efficient therapeutic platforms is also discussed in relation to the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and singlet oxygen (1O2) produced, as final products. Moreover, recent research results from our team are included regarding the behavior of commonly used photosensitizers upon chemical activation under CL conditions. The CL prospects in imaging, biomimetic organic and radical chemistry, and therapeutics are critically presented in respect to the persisting challenges and limitations of the existing strategies to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Tzani
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Dimitra K. Gioftsidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Michael G. Kallitsakis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Nikolaos V. Pliatsios
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Natasa P. Kalogiouri
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Panagiotis A. Angaridis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Ioannis N. Lykakis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Michael A. Terzidis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Sindos Campus, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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11
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Isci R, Unal M, Kucukcakir G, Gurbuz NA, Gorkem SF, Ozturk T. Triphenylamine/4,4'-Dimethoxytriphenylamine-Functionalized Thieno[3,2- b]thiophene Fluorophores with a High Quantum Efficiency: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13309-13319. [PMID: 34807616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A wide series of 10 new triphenylamine (TPA)/4,4'-dimethoxytriphenylamine (TPA(OMe)2)-functionalized thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (TT) fluorophores, 4a-e and 5a-e, bearing different electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents (-PhCN, -PhF, -PhOMe, -Ph, and -C6H13) at the terminal thienothiophene units were designed and synthesized by the Suzuki coupling reaction. Their optical and electrochemical properties were investigated by experimental and computational studies. Solid-state fluorescent quantum yields were recorded to be from 20 to 69%, and the maximum solution-state quantum efficiency reached 97%. Moreover, the photophysical characterization of the novel chromophores demonstrated a significant Stokes shift, reaching 179 nm with a bathochromic shift. They exhibited tuning color emission from orange to dark blue in solution and showed fluorescence lifetime reaching 4.70 ns. The relationship between triphenylamine (TPA)/4,4'-dimethoxytriphenylamine (TPA(OMe)2)-derived triarylamines and different functional groups on thieno[3,2-b] thiophene units was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Isci
- Chemistry Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melis Unal
- Chemistry Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Kucukcakir
- Chemistry Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Naime A Gurbuz
- Chemistry Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sultan F Gorkem
- Chemistry Department, Eskisehir Technical University, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Turan Ozturk
- Chemistry Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.,Chemistry Group Laboratories, TUBITAK UME, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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12
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Nasrollahpour H, Khalilzadeh B, Naseri A, Sillanpää M, Chia CH. Homogeneous Electrochemiluminescence in the Sensors Game: What Have We Learned from Past Experiments? Anal Chem 2021; 94:349-365. [PMID: 34878242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Nasrollahpour
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51664-14766, Iran
| | - Balal Khalilzadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664-14766, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Naseri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51664-14766, Iran
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Environmental Engineering and Management Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, 70000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, 70000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chin Hua Chia
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
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