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Singh M, Gaskins B, Johnson DR, Elles CG, Boskovic Z. Synthesis of Cycloheptatriene-Containing Azetidine Lactones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15001-15010. [PMID: 35605105 PMCID: PMC10091648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We prepared a collection of complex cycloheptatriene-containing azetidine lactones by applying two key photochemical reactions: "aza-Yang" cyclization and Buchner carbene insertion into aromatic rings. While photolysis of phenacyl amines leads to a rapid charge transfer and elimination, we found that a simple protonation of the amine enables the formation of azetidinols as single diastereomers. We provide evidence, through ultrafast spectroscopy, for the electron transfer from free amines in the excited state. Further, we characterize the aza-Yang reaction by establishing the dependence of the initial reaction rates on the rates of photon absorption. An unanticipated change in reactivity in morpholine analogues is explained through interactions with the tosylate anion. The Buchner reaction proceeds with a slight preference for one diastereomer over the other, and successful reaction requires electron-donating carbene-stabilizing substituents. Overall, 16 compounds were prepared over seven steps. Guided by an increase in structural complexity, efforts such as this one extend the reach of chemists into unexplored chemical space and provide useful quantities of new compounds for studies focused on their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvendra Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Bryce Gaskins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Daniel R Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christopher G Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Zarko Boskovic
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Alvarez-Dorta D, León EI, Martín Á, Kennedy AR, Pérez-Martín I, Shankland K, Suárez E. Regio- and Stereoselectivity of the Norrish-Yang Photocyclization of Dialkyl 1,2-Diketones: Solution versus Solid State Photochemistry of Two Polymorphs. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14940-14947. [PMID: 36283069 PMCID: PMC9639068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As shown by X-ray crystallography, crystals of 3β-acetoxy-16,17-seco-17,20-dioxopregn-5-ene-16-nitrile are dimorphic. The regioselectivity of the Norrish-Yang type II photocyclization under visible light of this steroidal 1,2-diketone, which bears primary, secondary, and tertiary nonequivalent abstractable γ-hydrogens, dramatically increases in the crystalline state of both polymorphs. X-ray crystallography and molecular mechanics calculations reveal crystal structure-solid state photochemistry relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Alvarez-Dorta
- Síntesis
de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Productos
Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez
3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Elisa I. León
- Síntesis
de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Productos
Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez
3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain,
| | - Ángeles Martín
- Síntesis
de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Productos
Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez
3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Inés Pérez-Martín
- Síntesis
de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Productos
Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez
3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Kenneth Shankland
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Ernesto Suárez
- Síntesis
de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Productos
Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez
3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain,
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Gorobets E, Papatzimas JW, Dourado J, Yousefalizadeh G, Lee J, Brownsey DK, Stamplecoskie K, Davis R, Derksen DJ. A Vinylogous Norrish Reaction as a Strategy for Light-Mediated Ring Expansion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2910-2913. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of bicyclic divinyl ketones display wavelength-dependent changes in product formation. UV irradiation results in the formation of competitive [6,3,5] and [7,3,5] tricyclic unsaturated ketones that subsequently undergo ring...
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