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Lorenzetto T, Bordignon F, Munarin L, Mancin F, Fabris F, Scarso A. Substrate Selectivity Imparted by Self-Assembled Molecular Containers and Catalysts. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202301811. [PMID: 37466005 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent trends in catalysis are devoted to mimicking some peculiar features of enzymes like site selectivity, through functional group recognition, and substrate selectivity, through recognition of the entire surface of the substrate. The latter is a specific feature of enzymes that is seldomly present in homogeneous catalysis. Supramolecular catalysis, thanks to the self-assembly of simple subunits, enables the creation of cavities and surfaces whose confinement effects drive the preferential binding of a substrate among others with consequent substrate selectivity. The topic is an emerging field that exploits recognition phenomena to discriminate the reagents based on their size and shape. This review deals this cutting-edge field of research covering examples of supramolecular self-assembled molecular containers and catalysts operating in organic as well as aqueous media, with special emphasis for catalytic systems dealing with direct competitive experiments involving two or more substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Lorenzetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
| | - Francesca Bordignon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35100, Italy
| | - Luca Munarin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mancin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35100, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fabris
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
| | - Alessandro Scarso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Italy
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Shrestha KK, Hilyard MA, Alahakoon I, Young MC. Combining iminium and supramolecular catalysis for the [4 + 2] cycloaddition of E-cinnamaldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6646-6653. [PMID: 35938223 PMCID: PMC9462845 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe a method for combining supramolecular catalysis with imininum-based organocatalysis in the Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction. Both supramolecular host and L-proline are required for the reaction to occur, implying that encapsulation of the substrates and co-catalyst are necessary for the reaction to occur. We explore the substrate scope for a variety of E-cinnamaldehydes and dienes. Finally, we probe the supramolecular assembly processes responsible for the observed catalysis using NMR spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra K Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Mailstop 602, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
| | - Michael A Hilyard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Mailstop 602, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
| | - Indunil Alahakoon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Mailstop 602, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
| | - Michael C Young
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Mailstop 602, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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Woods CZ, Wu HT, Ngai C, da Camara B, Julian RR, Hooley RJ. Modifying the internal substituents of self-assembled cages controls their molecular recognition and optical properties. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10920-10929. [PMID: 35796048 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01451c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled Fe4L6 cage complexes with variable internal functions can be synthesized from a 2,7-dibromocarbazole ligand scaffold, which orients six functional groups to the cage interior. Both ethylthiomethylether and ethyldimethylamino groups can be incorporated. The cages show strong ligand-centered fluorescence emission and a broad range of guest binding properties. Coencapsulation of neutral organic guests is favored in the larger, unfunctionalized cage cavity, whereas the thioether cage has a more sterically hindered cavity that favors 1 : 1 guest binding. Binding affinities up to 106 M-1 in CH3CN are seen. The dimethylamino cage is more complex, as the internal amines display partial protonation and can be deprotonated by amine bases. This amine cage displays affinity for a broad range of neutral organic substrates, with affinities and stoichiometries comparable to that of the similarly sized thioether cage. These species show that simple variations in ligand backbone allow variations in the number and type of functions that can be displayed towards the cavity of self-assembled hosts, which will have applications in biomimetic sensing, catalysis and molecular recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Z Woods
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Hoi-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Courtney Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Bryce da Camara
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Ryan R Julian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Richard J Hooley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Ngai C, Wu HT, da Camara B, Williams CG, Mueller LJ, Julian RR, Hooley RJ. Moderated Basicity of Endohedral Amine Groups in an Octa-Cationic Self-Assembled Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117011. [PMID: 35030288 PMCID: PMC8885886 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A self-assembled FeII4 L6 cage was synthesized with 12 internal amines in the cavity. The cage forms as the dodeca-ammonium salt, despite the cage carrying an overall 8+ charge at the metal centers, extracting protons from displaced water in the reaction. Despite this, the basicity of the internal amines is lower than their counterparts in free solution. The 12 amines have a sliding scale of basicity, with a ≈6 pKa unit difference between the first and last protons to be removed. This moderation of side-chain basicity in an active site is a hallmark of enzymatic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Ngai
- Department of Chemistry and the UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Hoi-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemistry and the UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Bryce da Camara
- Department of Chemistry and the UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Christopher G Williams
- Department of Chemistry and the UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Leonard J Mueller
- Department of Chemistry and the UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Ryan R Julian
- Department of Chemistry and the UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Richard J Hooley
- Department of Chemistry and the UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Ngai C, Wu H, Camara B, Williams CG, Mueller LJ, Julian RR, Hooley RJ. Moderated Basicity of Endohedral Amine Groups in an Octa‐Cationic Self‐Assembled Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Ngai
- Department of Chemistry and the UCR Center for Catalysis University of California—Riverside Riverside CA, 92521 USA
| | - Hoi‐Ting Wu
- Department of Chemistry and the UCR Center for Catalysis University of California—Riverside Riverside CA, 92521 USA
| | - Bryce Camara
- Department of Chemistry and the UCR Center for Catalysis University of California—Riverside Riverside CA, 92521 USA
| | - Christopher G. Williams
- Department of Chemistry and the UCR Center for Catalysis University of California—Riverside Riverside CA, 92521 USA
| | - Leonard J. Mueller
- Department of Chemistry and the UCR Center for Catalysis University of California—Riverside Riverside CA, 92521 USA
| | - Ryan R. Julian
- Department of Chemistry and the UCR Center for Catalysis University of California—Riverside Riverside CA, 92521 USA
| | - Richard J. Hooley
- Department of Chemistry and the UCR Center for Catalysis University of California—Riverside Riverside CA, 92521 USA
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