1
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Zhu Y, Jiang C, Li H, Liu P, Sun P. Electrochemical Aerobic Oxygenation and Nitrogenation of Cyclic Alkenes via C═C Bond Cleavage or Oxygenation and Azidation of Open-Chain Alkenes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11031-11041. [PMID: 35917464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An efficient strategy involving electrochemical C═C double-bond cleavage and functionalization of cyclic alkenes for the synthesis of ketonitriles is described. This transformation features environmentally friendly conditions and utilizes relatively safe TMSN3 as the nitrogenation reagent and molecular oxygen as the oxidant. For the open-chain alkenes, the reaction gave 1,2-difunctionalized products. A wide range of cyclic alkenes and open-chain alkenes were found to be compatible, providing the corresponding ketonitriles and α-azido aromatic ketones in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Heng Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peipei Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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2
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Jiang C, Zhu Y, Li H, Liu P, Sun P. Direct Cyanation of Thiophenols or Thiols to Access Thiocyanates under Electrochemical Conditions. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10026-10033. [PMID: 35866614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical cross-coupling method for the synthesis of thiocyanates via the direct cyanation of readily available thiophenols or thiols with trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) was developed. This approach was also suitable for selenols. External oxidant-free, transition-metal-free and mild operating conditions were the main advantages of this protocol. A series of thiocyanates and selenocyanates could be obtained in moderate to high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Heng Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peipei Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Material Cycle Processes and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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3
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Zhuang W, Zhang J, Ma C, Wright JS, Zhang X, Ni SF, Huang Q. Scalable Electrochemical Aerobic Oxygenation of Indoles to Isatins without Electron Transfer Mediators by Merging with an Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Org Lett 2022; 24:4229-4233. [PMID: 35678516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An approach to electrochemical oxygenation of indoles leading to isatins was developed by merging with a complementary cathode oxygen reduction reaction. The features of this green protocol include the use of molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant, it being free of an electron transfer mediator, and gram-scale preparation. Mechanistic studies suggested a radical process, and the two oxygen atoms in the isatins were both most likely from molecular oxygen. A detailed mechanism of the reaction utilizing density functional theory calculations was elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Zhuang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - James S Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, U.K
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Qiufeng Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China
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4
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Coppola GA, Pillitteri S, Van der Eycken EV, You SL, Sharma UK. Multicomponent reactions and photo/electrochemistry join forces: atom economy meets energy efficiency. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2313-2382. [PMID: 35244107 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00510c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light photoredox catalysis has been regarded as an extremely powerful tool in organic chemistry, bringing the spotlight back to radical processes. The versatility of photocatalyzed reactions has already been demonstrated to be effective in providing alternative routes for cross-coupling as well as multicomponent reactions. The photocatalyst allows the generation of high-energy intermediates through light irradiation rather than using highly reactive reagents or harsh reaction conditions. In a similar vein, organic electrochemistry has experienced a fruitful renaissance as a tool for generating reactive intermediates without the need for any catalyst. Such milder approaches pose the basis toward higher selectivity and broader applicability. In photocatalyzed and electrochemical multicomponent reactions, the generation of the radical species acts as a starter of the cascade of events. This allows for diverse reactivity and the use of reagents is usually not covered by classical methods. Owing to the availability of cheaper and more standardized photo- and electrochemical reactors, as well as easily scalable flow-setups, it is not surprising that these two fields have become areas of increased research interest. Keeping these in view, this review is aimed at providing an overview of the synthetic approaches in the design of MCRs involving photoredox catalysis and/or electrochemical activation as a crucial step with particular focus on the choice of the difunctionalized reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo A Coppola
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Serena Pillitteri
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium. .,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Upendra K Sharma
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Tu Y, Shi P, Bolm C. Visible-Light-Mediated α-Ketoacylations of NH-Sulfoximines with gem-Difluoroalkenes. Org Lett 2022; 24:907-911. [PMID: 35040650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A photochemical approach for the preparation of α-keto-N-acyl sulfoximines from NH sulfoximines and gem-difluoroalkenes has been developed. In the presence of NBS, the reactions proceed in air without the need of a photocatalyst or additional oxidant. Results of mechanistic studies suggest that the two oxygens in the products stem from water and dioxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Tu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peng Shi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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6
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Li X, Tao P, Cheng Y, Hu Q, Huang W, Li Y, Luo Z, Huang G. Recent Progress on the Electrochemical Difunctionalization of Alkenes/Alkynes. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202204066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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7
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Paveliev SA, Segida OO, Dvoretskiy A, Dzyunov MM, Fedorova UV, Terent'ev AO. Electrifying Phthalimide- N-Oxyl (PINO) Radical Chemistry: Anodically Induced Dioxygenation of Vinyl Arenes with N-Hydroxyphthalimide. J Org Chem 2021; 86:18107-18116. [PMID: 34878276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical process of free-radical difunctionalization of vinyl arenes with N-hydroxyphthalimide resulting in vicinal dioxyphthalimides was discovered. The reaction proceeds with the use of pyridinium perchlorate and pyridine as a supporting electrolyte and a base, respectively. The present approach involves the anodic generation of stabilized phthalimide-N-oxyl (PINO) radical, which adds to the carbon-carbon double bond of vinyl arenes and recombines with the subsequently formed benzylic radical. A wide range of dioxyphthalimides were obtained in yields up to 81%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A Paveliev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg O Segida
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Dvoretskiy
- D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation
| | - Mark M Dzyunov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Uliana V Fedorova
- D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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Zheng Y, Yang QY, Wu LY, Zhu XY, Ge MJ, Yang H, Liu SY, Chen F. Oxoammonium Salt-Mediated Regioselective Vicinal Dioxidation of Alkenes: Relying on Transient and Persistent Nitroxides. Org Lett 2021; 23:8533-8538. [PMID: 34699225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel, easy-to-handle, and regioselective vicinal dioxidation of alkenes under transition metal and organic peroxide free conditions has been developed. This approach uses N-hydroxyphthalimide and its analogues as the transient nitroxyl-radical precursors and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxoammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEMPO+BF4-) as the oxidant as well as the source of persistent nitroxide. By employing this method, multifarious structurally important dioxidation products were efficiently synthesized from simple alkenes and complex bioactive molecule derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zheng
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Precise Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Drugs, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Yun Yang
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Precise Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Drugs, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Lu-Yan Wu
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Precise Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Drugs, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhu
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Precise Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Drugs, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Jing Ge
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Precise Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Drugs, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Hao Yang
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Precise Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Drugs, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Yu Liu
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Precise Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Drugs, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
| | - Fei Chen
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Precise Synthesis of Fluorine-Containing Drugs, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, P. R. China
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