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Mohitkar A, H R, Goel S, Jayanty S. Efficient Standalone Flexible Small Molecule Organic Solar Cell Devices: Structure-Performance Relation Among Tetracyanoquinodimethane Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40836-40847. [PMID: 37929146 PMCID: PMC10620877 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, very few dicyano and tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) based molecules are utilized as active layers, sandwiched between the electron and hole transport layer in organic solar cell (OSC) devices. Nevertheless, simple mono- and disubstituted TCNQ derivatives as exclusively active layers are yet unexplored and provide scope for further investigation. In this study, TCNQ derivatives with varying amine substituents, namely, AEPYDQ (1), BMEDDQ (2), MATBTCNQ (3), and MITATCNQ (4), were explored as efficient standalone, flexible, all small molecule OSC devices. Particularly, 1 resulted in the highest device efficiency of 11.75% with an aromatic amine, while 2 possessing an aliphatic amine showed the lowest power conversion efficiency (PCE; 2.12%). Notably, the short circuit current density (JSC) of device 1 increased from 2 mA/cm2 in the dark to 9.12 mA/cm2 under light, indicating a significant boost in the current generation. Further, 1 manifested more crystallinity than others. Interestingly, 4 exhibited a higher PCE (5.90%) than 3 (PCE is 2.58%), though 3 is disubstituted with an aromatic amine, probably attributed to the electron-withdrawing effects of the -CF3 and -CN groups in 3 reducing the available π-electron density for stacking. Therefore, this study emphasizes crystallinity, significantly on the PCE, offering insights into the design of many such efficient OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Mohitkar
- Department
of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Kapra Mandal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana
State, India
| | - Renuka H
- MEMS,
Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute
of Technology and Science, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Kapra Mandal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana State, India
| | - Sanket Goel
- MEMS,
Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute
of Technology and Science, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Kapra Mandal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana State, India
| | - Subbalakshmi Jayanty
- Department
of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Jawaharnagar, Kapra Mandal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana
State, India
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2
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Gupta PK, Khan F, Misra R. NIR-Absorbing 1,1,4,4-Tetracyanobuta-1,3-diene- and Dicyanoquinodimethane-Functionalized Donor-Acceptor Phenothiazine Derivatives: Synthesis and Characterization. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14308-14322. [PMID: 37820059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical donor-acceptor type phenothiazine derivatives 1-18 were designed and synthesized via Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling and [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reactions. The incorporation of cyano-based acceptors 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD) and dicyanoquinodimethane (DCNQ) in the phenothiazine derivatives resulted in systematic variation in the photophysical, thermal, and electrochemical properties. The electronic absorption spectra of the phenothiazine derivatives with strong acceptors 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, and 18 show red-shifted absorption as compared to phenothiazine derivatives 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, and 16 in the near-IR region due to a strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) transition. The electrochemical analysis of the phenothiazine derivatives 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, and 18 reveals two reduction waves at low potential due to the TCBD and DCNQ acceptors. The mono-TCBD-functionalized phenothiazine 2 shows higher thermal stability compared to other phenothiazine derivatives. The computational studies on phenothiazines 1-18 reveal the LUMO is substantially stabilized as acceptor strength increases, which lowers the HOMO-LUMO gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Faizal Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
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3
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Roger M, Bretonnière Y, Trolez Y, Vacher A, Arbouch I, Cornil J, Félix G, De Winter J, Richeter S, Clément S, Gerbier P. Synthesis and Characterization of Tetraphenylethene AIEgen-Based Push-Pull Chromophores for Photothermal Applications: Could the Cycloaddition-Retroelectrocyclization Click Reaction Make Any Molecule Photothermally Active? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108715. [PMID: 37240061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new tetraphenylethene (TPE) push-pull chromophores exhibiting strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) are described. They were obtained via [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization (CA-RE) click reactions on an electron-rich alkyne-tetrafunctionalized TPE (TPE-alkyne) using both 1,1,2,2-tetracyanoethene (TCNE), 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) as electron-deficient alkenes. Only the starting TPE-alkyne displayed significant AIE behavior, whereas for TPE-TCNE, a faint effect was observed, and for TPE-TCNQ and TPE-F4-TCNQ, no fluorescence was observed in any conditions. The main ICT bands that dominate the UV-Visible absorption spectra underwent a pronounced red-shift beyond the near-infrared (NIR) region for TPE-F4-TCNQ. Based on TD-DFT calculations, it was shown that the ICT character shown by the compounds exclusively originated from the clicked moieties independently of the nature of the central molecular platform. Photothermal (PT) studies conducted on both TPE-TCNQ and TPE-F4-TCNQ in the solid state revealed excellent properties, especially for TPE-F4-TCNQ. These results indicated that CA-RE reaction of TCNQ or F4-TCNQ with donor-substituted are promising candidates for PT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Roger
- ICGM, CNRS UMR 5253, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Yann Bretonnière
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, University of Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Yann Trolez
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, University of Rennes, 35065 Rennes, France
| | - Antoine Vacher
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, University of Rennes, 35065 Rennes, France
| | - Imane Arbouch
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Gautier Félix
- ICGM, CNRS UMR 5253, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (S2MOs), University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Richeter
- ICGM, CNRS UMR 5253, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Clément
- ICGM, CNRS UMR 5253, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Gerbier
- ICGM, CNRS UMR 5253, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
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