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An Z, Miao M, Sun F, Lan XB, Yu JQ, Guo X, Zhang J. Copper-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of 2-(1 H-pyrrol-1-yl)aniline and alkylsilyl peroxides: a route to pyrrolo[1,2- a]quinoxalines. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2370-2374. [PMID: 38416487 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01934a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
An efficient method was developed for the one-pot construction of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines via a Cu(II)-catalyzed domino reaction between 2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)anilines and alkylsilyl peroxides. This reaction proceeds through C-C bond cleavage and new C-C and C-N bond formation. A mechanistic study suggests that alkyl radical species participate in the cascade reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu An
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Man Miao
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Fengkai Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Xiao-Bing Lan
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Jian-Qiang Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Liu C, Wang J, Liu X, Feng J, Du D. NHC-catalyzed radical acylation of cycloalkyl silyl peroxides to access 1,6-,1,7-, and 1,8-diketones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13175-13178. [PMID: 37850247 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04765b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed radical acylation of cycloalkyl silyl peroxides was developed using readily available aldehydes as the acylating agents. This protocol provides an exceptionally useful method for the efficient and rapid synthesis of long-chain 1,6-/1,7-/1,8-diketones, especially unsymmetrical ones. This strategy also has the advantages of mild conditions, good functional group compatibility, and potential applications in the late-stage functionalization of aldehydes with bioactive fragments and in the construction of long-chain complex bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
| | - Jingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
| | - Xinlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
| | - Ding Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
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Bezawada SA, Ušto N, Wilke C, Barnes-Flaspoler M, Jagan R, Bauer EB. Ferrocenophanium Stability and Catalysis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062729. [PMID: 36985702 PMCID: PMC10058812 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferrocenium catalysis is a vibrant research area, and an increasing number of ferrocenium-catalyzed processes have been reported in the recent years. However, the ferrocenium cation is not very stable in solution, which may potentially hamper catalytic applications. In an effort to stabilize ferrocenium-type architectures by inserting a bridge between the cyclopentadienyl rings, we investigated two ferrocenophanium (or ansa-ferrocenium) cations with respect to their stability and catalytic activity in propargylic substitution reactions. One of the ferrocenophanium complexes was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry experiments of the ferrocenophane parent compounds were performed in the absence and presence of alcohol nucleophiles, and the stability of the cations in solution was judged based on the reversibility of the electron transfer. The experiments revealed a moderate stabilizing effect of the bridge, albeit the effect is not very pronounced or straightforward. Catalytic propargylic substitution test reactions revealed decreased activity of the ferrocenophanium cations compared to the ferrocenium cation. It appears that the somewhat stabilized ferrocenophanium cations show decreased catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Anvesh Bezawada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Neira Ušto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Chloe Wilke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Michael Barnes-Flaspoler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Rajamoni Jagan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Eike B Bauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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Dworkin JH, Dehnert BW, Kwon O. When all C-C breaks LO-Ose. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023; 5:174-200. [PMID: 38108020 PMCID: PMC10725311 DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides are becoming popular intermediates for novel chemical transformations. The weak O-O bond is readily reduced by transition metals, including iron and copper, to initiate a radical cascade process that breaks C-C bonds. Great potential exists for the rapid generation of complexity, originating from the ability to couple the resulting free radicals with a wide range of partners. First, this review article discusses the history and synthesis of organic peroxides, providing the context necessary to understand this methodology. Then, it highlights 91 examples of recent applications of the radical functionalization of C-C bonds accessed through the transition metal-mediated reduction of organic peroxides. Finally, we provide some comments about safety when working with organic peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy H. Dworkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Brady W. Dehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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Zhou M, Lu H, Wang Z, Kato T, Liu Y, Maruoka K. Synthesis of 1,3‑dicarbonyl compounds bearing hetero-substituted α-quaternary carbon via Fe(II)-catalyzed alkylation with alkylsilyl peroxides. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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