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Liu Y, Zhang J, Wang X, Xie Z, Zheng H, Zhang S, Cai X, Zhao Y, Redshaw C, Min Y, Feng X. Pyrene-Based Deep-Blue Fluorophores with Narrow-Band Emission. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3319-3330. [PMID: 38362859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
High-efficiency narrow-band luminescent materials have attracted intense interest, resulting in their great colorimetric purity. This has led to a variety of high-tech applications in high-definition displays, spectral analysis, and biomedicine. In this study, a rigid pyrene core was employed as the molecular backbone, and four narrow-band pyrene-based blue emitters were synthesized using various synthetic methods (such as Lewis-acid catalyzed cyclization domino reactions, Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions like Suzuki-Miyaura and Sonogashira). Due to the steric effect of the hydroxy group at the 2-position, the target compounds exhibit deep blue emission (<429 nm, CIEy < 0.08) with full width at half-maximum (FWHM) less than 33 nm both in solution and when solidified. The experimental and theoretical results indicated that the substituents at the 1- and 3-positions afford a large dihedral angle with the pyrene core, and the molecular motion is almost fixed by multiple intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions in the crystallized state, leading to a suppression of the vibrational relaxation of the molecular structure. Moreover, we observed that the suppression of the vibrational relaxation in the molecular structures and the construction of rigid conjugated structures can help develop narrow-band organic light-emitting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jianyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, and Guangdong/Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Heng Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xumin Cai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, Yorkshire HU6 7RX, U.K
| | - Yonggang Min
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Zhou X, Wang X, Zhang TY, Shen L, Yang XJ, Zhang QL, Xu H, Redshaw C, Feng X. Pyrene-Based Cationic Fluorophores with High Affinity for BF 4-, PF 6-, and ClO 4- Anions: Detection and Removal. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13520-13527. [PMID: 37677077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Anions play an indispensable role in the balance and regulation of the ecological environment and human health; however, excess anions can cause serious ecological and environment problems. Therefore, the detection and removal of excess anions in aqueous solution is not only a technological problem but also crucial for environmental protection. Herein, a set of water-soluble pyrene-based cationic fluorophores were synthesized, which exhibit high sensitivity for the detection of the anions BF4-, PF6-, and ClO4- via electrostatic interactions. Such fluorescent probes exhibit "turn-on" emission characteristics even at low concentrations of anions due to anion-π+ interactions. Moreover, these fluorescence probes act as efficient precipitating agents for the removal of the BF4-, PF6-, and ClO4- anions from an aqueous environment. This work opens up new avenues for future research on pyrene-based fluorophores as turn-on fluorescence probes for anion detection and as excellent precipitating agents in environmental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Tian-Yu Zhang
- School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Lingyi Shen
- School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Xian-Jiong Yang
- School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Qi-Long Zhang
- School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Hong Xu
- School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, Yorkshire HU6 7RX, U.K
| | - Xing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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Feng X, Wang X, Redshaw C, Tang BZ. Aggregation behaviour of pyrene-based luminescent materials, from molecular design and optical properties to application. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6715-6753. [PMID: 37694728 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecular aggregates are self-assembled from multiple molecules via weak intermolecular interactions, and new chemical and physical properties can emerge compared to their individual molecule. With the development of aggregate science, much research has focused on the study of the luminescence behaviour of aggregates rather than single molecules. Pyrene as a classical fluorophore has attracted great attention due to its diverse luminescence behavior depending on the solution state, molecular packing pattern as well as morphology, resulting in wide potential applications. For example, pyrene prefers to emit monomer emission in dilute solution but tends to form a dimer via π-π stacking in the aggregation state, resulting in red-shifted emission with quenched fluorescence and quantum yield. Over the past two decades, much effort has been devoted to developing novel pyrene-based fluorescent molecules and determining the luminescence mechanism for potential applications. Since the concept of "aggregation-induced emission (AIE)" was proposed by Tang et al. in 2001, aggregate science has been established, and the aggregated luminescence behaviour of pyrene-based materials has been extensively investigated. New pyrene-based emitters have been designed and synthesized not only to investigate the relationships between the molecular structure and properties and advanced applications but also to examine the effect of the aggregate morphology on their optical and electronic properties. Indeed, new aggregated pyrene-based molecules have emerged with unique properties, such as circularly polarized luminescence, excellent fluorescence and phosphorescence and electroluminescence, ultra-high mobility, etc. These properties are independent of their molecular constituents and allow for a number of cutting-edge technological applications, such as chemosensors, organic light-emitting diodes, organic field effect transistors, organic solar cells, Li-batteries, etc. Reviews published to-date have mainly concentrated on summarizing the molecular design and multi-functional applications of pyrene-based fluorophores, whereas the aggregation behaviour of pyrene-based luminescent materials has received very little attention. The majority of the multi-functional applications of pyrene molecules are not only closely related to their molecular structures, but also to the packing model they adopt in the aggregated state. In this review, we will summarize the intriguing optoelectronic properties of pyrene-based luminescent materials boosted by aggregation behaviour, and systematically establish the relationship between the molecular structure, aggregation states, and optoelectronic properties. This review will provide a new perspective for understanding the luminescence and electronic transition mechanism of pyrene-based materials and will facilitate further development of pyrene chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Guangdong 518172, China.
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