1
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Dissanayake KC, Yuan D, Winter AH. Structure-Photoreactivity Studies of BODIPY Photocages: Limitations of the Activation Barrier for Optimizing Photoreactions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6740-6748. [PMID: 38695507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BODIPY photocages are photoreactive chromophores that release covalently linked cargo upon absorption of visible light. Here, we used computations of the T1 photoheterolysis barrier to ascertain whether a computational approach could assist in a priori structure design by identifying new structures with higher quantum yields of photorelease. The electronic structure-photoreactivity relationships were elucidated for boron-substituted and core-functionalized 2-substituted BODIPY photocages as well as aryl substitutions at the meso-methyl position. Although there is a clear trend for the 2-substituted derivatives, with donor-substituted derivatives featuring both lower computed barriers and higher experimental quantum yields, no trend in the quantum yield with the computed activation barrier is found for the meso-methyl-substituted or boron-substituted derivatives. The lack of a correlation between the experimental quantum yield with the computed barrier in the latter two substitution cases is attributed to the substituents having larger effects on the rates of competing channels (internal conversion and competitive photoreactions) than on the rate of the photoheterolysis channel. Thus, although in some cases computed photoreaction barriers can aid in identifying structures with higher quantum yields, the ignored impacts of how changing the structure affects the rates of competing photophysical/photochemical channels limit the effectiveness of this single-parameter approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komadhie C Dissanayake
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Ding Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Arthur H Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
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2
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Schulte AM, Alachouzos G, Szymanski W, Feringa BL. The fate of the contact ion pair determines the photochemistry of coumarin-based photocleavable protecting groups. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2062-2073. [PMID: 38332822 PMCID: PMC10848663 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05725a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Photocleavable protecting groups (PPGs) enable the precise spatiotemporal control over the release of a payload of interest, in particular a bioactive substance, through light irradiation. A crucial parameter that determines the practical applicability of PPGs is the efficiency of payload release, largely governed by the quantum yield of photolysis (QY). Understanding which parameters determine the QY will prove crucial for engineering improved PPGs and their effective future applications, especially in the emerging field of photopharmacology. The Contact Ion Pair (CIP) has been recognized as an important intermediate in the uncaging process, but the key influence of its fate on the quantum yield has not been explored yet, limiting our ability to design improved PPGs. Here, we demonstrate that the CIP escape mechanism of PPGs is crucial for determining their payload- and solvent-dependent photolysis QY, and illustrate that an intramolecular type of CIP escape is superior over diffusion-dependent CIP escape. Furthermore, we report a strong correlation of the photolysis QY of a range of coumarin PPGs with the DFT-calculated height of all three energy barriers involved in the photolysis reaction, despite the vastly different mechanisms of CIP escape that these PPGs exhibit. Using the insights obtained through our analysis, we were able to predict the photolysis QY of a newly designed PPG with particularly high accuracy. The level of understanding of the factors determining the QY of PPGs presented here will move the ever-expanding field of PPG applications forward and provides a blueprint for the development of PPGs with QYs that are independent of payload-topology and solvent polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Marten Schulte
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Georgios Alachouzos
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Hanzeplein 1 9713 GZ Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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3
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Watanabe K, Mao Q, Zhang Z, Hata M, Kodera M, Kitagishi H, Niwa T, Hosoya T. Clickable bisreactive small gold nanoclusters for preparing multifunctionalized nanomaterials: application to photouncaging of an anticancer molecule. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1402-1408. [PMID: 38274077 PMCID: PMC10806826 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04365g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we successfully synthesized a small-sized gold nanocluster (2 nm) coated with homogeneous tripeptides bearing azido and amino groups that enable facile multifunctionalizations. Using sodium phenoxide to reduce tetrachloroauric(iii) acid in the presence of the cysteine-containing tripeptide, we efficiently prepared the gold nanoclusters without damaging the azido group. We then utilized this clickable bisreactive nanocluster as a versatile platform for synthesizing multifunctionalized gold nanomaterials. The resulting nanoclusters were conjugated with an anticancer compound connected to an indolizine moiety for photoinduced uncaging, a photodynamic therapy agent acting as a photosensitizer for uncaging, and a cyclic RGD peptide. The cytotoxicity of the multifunctionalized gold nanoclusters was demonstrated through red light irradiation of human lung cancer-derived A549 cells treated with the synthesized nanomaterials. The significant cytotoxicity exhibited by the cells underscores the potential utility of this method in advanced cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Watanabe
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Qiyue Mao
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University Kyotanabe Kyoto 610-0321 Japan
| | - Zhouen Zhang
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Machi Hata
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University Kyotanabe Kyoto 610-0321 Japan
| | - Masahito Kodera
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University Kyotanabe Kyoto 610-0321 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kitagishi
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University Kyotanabe Kyoto 610-0321 Japan
| | - Takashi Niwa
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Kobe 650-0047 Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Transformation Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-0062 Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Kobe 650-0047 Japan
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101-0062 Japan
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4
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von Köller HF, Geffers FJ, Kalvani P, Foraita A, Loß PEJ, Butschke B, Jones PG, Werz DB. Access to isoindole-derived BODIPYs by an aminopalladation cascade. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37997044 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04913b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a new route to dyes of the BODIPY family. We first built up a N-Boc-protected dipyrromethene scaffold via an aminopalladation cascade. Subsequentially, the pyrrole moiety was deprotected and the BF2 unit inserted. Depending on the terminating reaction, BODIPYs with either aryl or alkynyl moieties were accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich F von Köller
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Finn J Geffers
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Pedram Kalvani
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Adrian Foraita
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Patrick-Eric J Loß
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Burkhard Butschke
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter G Jones
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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5
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Zlatić K, Popović M, Uzelac L, Kralj M, Basarić N. Antiproliferative activity of meso-substituted BODIPY photocages: Effect of electrophiles vs singlet oxygen. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115705. [PMID: 37544182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of BODIPY compounds with a methylphenol substituent at the meso-position and halogen atoms on the BODIPY core, or OCH3 or OAc substituents at the phenolic moiety was synthesized. Their spectral and photophysical properties and the photochemical reactivity upon irradiation in CH3OH were investigated. The molecules with the phenolic substituent at the meso-position undergo more efficient photo-methanolysis at the boron atom, while the introduction of the OCH3 group at the phenolic moiety changes the reaction selectivity towards the cleavage at the meso-position. The introduction of the halogen atoms into the BODIPY increases the photo-cleavage reaction efficiency, as well as the ability of the molecules to sensitize oxygen and form reactive oxygen species (ROS). The efficiency of the ROS formation was measured in comparison with that of tetraphenylporphyrin. The antiproliferative effect of BODIPY molecules was investigated against three human cancer cell lines MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), H460 (lung carcinoma), HCT116 (colon carcinoma), and two non-cancer cell lines, HEK293T (embryonic kindey) and HaCaT (keratinocytes), with the cells kept in the dark or irradiated with visible light. For most of the compounds a modest or no antiproliferative activity was observed for cells in the dark. However, when cells were irradiated, a dramatic increase in cytotoxicity was observed (more than 100-fold), with IC50 values in the submicromolar concentration range. The enhancement of the cytotoxic effect was explained by the formation of ROS, which was studied for cells in vitro. However, for some BODIPY compounds, the effects due to the formation of electrophilic species (carbocations and quinone methides, which react with biomolecules) cannot be disregarded. Confocal fluorescence microscopy images of H460 cells and HEK293T show that the compounds enter the cells and are retained in the cytoplasm and membranes of the various organelles. When the cells treated with the compounds are irradiated, photo-processes lead to cell death by apoptosis. The study performed is important because it provides bases for the development of novel photo-therapeutics capable of exerting photo-cytotoxic effects in both oxygenated and hypoxic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Zlatić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Matija Popović
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lidija Uzelac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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6
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Lovrinčević V, Guo Y, Vuk D, Škorić I, Ma J, Basarić N. 3-Substituted 2-Aminonaphthalene Photocages for Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols; Decaging Mechanism and Potential Applications in Synthesis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15176-15188. [PMID: 37831436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxymethyl-2-aminonaphthalene photocage (photoremovable protecting group) 2 was synthesized and transformed to different ethers and esters to investigate the applicability to decage alcohols and carboxylic acids, respectively. The photoelimination of carboxylic acids takes place relatively efficiently (ΦR = 0.11) upon excitation with near-visible light, contrary to the elimination of alcohols. The scope of the decaging of both alcohols and esters was demonstrated on several examples, including aliphatic and aromatic substrates, carbohydrates, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The photophysical properties of the photocage and its models, methyl ether 4a and acetyl ester 5a, were investigated. The fluorescence quantum yields (Φf = 0.40-0.002) were found to be reversely proportional to the efficiency of elimination of OH, alcohols, or carboxylic acids. The decaging photochemical reaction mechanism was investigated experimentally by transient absorption techniques with time scales from femtoseconds to seconds and computationally on the TD-DFT level of theory. The photoelimination of carboxylates takes place directly in the singlet excited state by a homolytic cleavage producing a radical pair within 1 ns. The subsequent electron transfer gives rise to aminonaphthalene carbocation and the carboxylate. A wide scope of substrates that can be decaged relatively efficiently with near-visible light and the chromo-orthogonal compatibility of aminonaphthalene and aniline derivatives render these photocages potentially applicable in organic synthesis or biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Lovrinčević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Dragana Vuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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7
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Hua Y, Strauss M, Fisher S, Mauser MFX, Manchet P, Smacchia M, Geyer P, Shayeghi A, Pfeffer M, Eggenweiler TH, Daly S, Commandeur J, Mayor M, Arndt M, Šolomek T, Köhler V. Giving the Green Light to Photochemical Uncaging of Large Biomolecules in High Vacuum. JACS AU 2023; 3:2790-2799. [PMID: 37885583 PMCID: PMC10598566 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of biomolecules in a high vacuum enables experiments on fragile species in the absence of a perturbing environment. Since many molecular properties are influenced by local electric fields, here we seek to gain control over the number of charges on a biopolymer by photochemical uncaging. We present the design, modeling, and synthesis of photoactive molecular tags, their labeling to peptides and proteins as well as their photochemical validation in solution and in the gas phase. The tailored tags can be selectively cleaved off at a well-defined time and without the need for any external charge-transferring agents. The energy of a single or two green photons can already trigger the process, and it is soft enough to ensure the integrity of the released biomolecular cargo. We exploit differences in the cleavage pathways in solution and in vacuum and observe a surprising robustness in upscaling the approach from a model system to genuine proteins. The interaction wavelength of 532 nm is compatible with various biomolecular entities, such as oligonucleotides or oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hua
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Strauss
- Vienna
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna,
VDSP & VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergey Fisher
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin F. X. Mauser
- Vienna
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna,
VDSP & VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pierre Manchet
- Vienna
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna,
VDSP & VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Smacchia
- Vienna
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna,
VDSP & VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Geyer
- Vienna
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna,
VDSP & VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Shayeghi
- Vienna
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna,
VDSP & VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pfeffer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim Henri Eggenweiler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven Daly
- MS
Vision, Televisieweg
40, 1322 AM Almere, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Commandeur
- MS
Vision, Televisieweg
40, 1322 AM Almere, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute
for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, DE-76021 Karlsruhe Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Lehn Institute
of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510274, P. R. China
| | - Markus Arndt
- Vienna
Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna,
VDSP & VCQ, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomáš Šolomek
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valentin Köhler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johannsring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Gartland SA, Johnson TG, Walkley E, Langton MJ. Inter-Vesicle Signal Transduction Using a Photo-Responsive Zinc Ionophore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309080. [PMID: 37497854 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of chemical information between cells and across lipid bilayer membranes is of profound significance in many biological processes. The design of synthetic signalling systems is a critical step towards preparing artificial cells with collective behaviour. Here, we report the first example of a synthetic inter-vesicle signalling system, in which diffusible chemical signals trigger transmembrane ion transport in a manner reminiscent of signalling pathways in biology. The system is derived from novel ortho-nitrobenzyl and BODIPY photo-caged ZnII transporters, in which cation transport is triggered by photo-decaging with UV or red light, respectively. This decaging reaction can be used to trigger the release of the cationophores from a small population of sender vesicles. This in turn triggers the transport of ions across the membrane of a larger population of receiver vesicles, but not across the sender vesicle membrane, leading to overall inter-vesicle signal transduction and amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A Gartland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Toby G Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Euan Walkley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Matthew J Langton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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9
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Shrestha P, Kand D, Weinstain R, Winter AH. meso-Methyl BODIPY Photocages: Mechanisms, Photochemical Properties, and Applications. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17497-17514. [PMID: 37535757 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
meso-methyl BODIPY photocages have recently emerged as an exciting new class of photoremovable protecting groups (PPGs) that release leaving groups upon absorption of visible to near-infrared light. In this Perspective, we summarize the development of these PPGs and highlight their critical photochemical properties and applications. We discuss the absorption properties of the BODIPY PPGs, structure-photoreactivity studies, insights into the photoreaction mechanism, the scope of functional groups that can be caged, the chemical synthesis of these structures, and how substituents can alter the water solubility of the PPG and direct the PPG into specific subcellular compartments. Applications that exploit the unique optical and photochemical properties of BODIPY PPGs are also discussed, from wavelength-selective photoactivation to biological studies to photoresponsive organic materials and photomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Roy Weinstain
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Arthur H Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
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10
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Mei S, Ou Q, Tang X, Xu JF, Zhang X. Stabilization of Carbocation Intermediate by Cucurbit[7]uril Enables High Photolysis Efficiency. Org Lett 2023; 25:5291-5296. [PMID: 37428144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
A cucurbit[7]uril-based host-guest strategy is employed to enhance the efficiency of photolysis reactions that release caged molecules from photoremovable protecting groups. The photolysis of benzyl acetate follows a heterolytic bond cleavage mechanism, thereby leading to the formation of a contact ion pair as the key reactive intermediate. The Gibbs free energy of the contact ion pair is lowered by 3.06 kcal/mol through the stabilization of cucurbit[7]uril, as revealed by DFT calculations, which results in a 40-fold increase in the quantum yield of the photolysis reaction. This methodology is also applicable to the chloride leaving group and the diphenyl photoremovable protecting group. We anticipate that this research presents a novel strategy to improve reactions involving active cationics, thereby enriching the field of supramolecular catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Mei
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Ou
- AI for Science Institute, Beijing 100080, China
- DP Technology, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Xingchen Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiang-Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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11
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Telegin FY, Karpova VS, Makshanova AO, Astrakhantsev RG, Marfin YS. Solvatochromic Sensitivity of BODIPY Probes: A New Tool for Selecting Fluorophores and Polarity Mapping. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021217. [PMID: 36674731 PMCID: PMC9860957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This research work is devoted to collecting a high-quality dataset of BODIPYs in a series of 10-30 solvents. In total, 115 individual compounds in 71 solvents are represented by 1698 arrays of the spectral and photophysical properties of the fluorophore. Each dye for a series of solvents is characterized by a calculated value of solvatochromic sensitivity according to a semiempirical approach applied to a series of solvents. The whole dataset is classified into 6 and 24 clusters of solvatochromic sensitivity, from high negative to high positive solvatochromism. The results of the analysis are visualized by the polarity mapping plots depicting, in terms of wavenumbers, the absorption versus emission, stokes shift versus - (absorption maxima + emission maxima), and quantum yield versus stokes shift. An analysis of the clusters combining several dyes in an individual series of solvents shows that dyes of a high solvatochromic sensitivity demonstrate regular behaviour of the corresponding plots suitable for polarity and viscosity mapping. The fluorophores collected in this study represent a high quality dataset of pattern dyes for analytical and bioanalytical applications. The developed tools could be applied for the analysis of the applicability domain of the fluorescent sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Y. Telegin
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the RAS, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Viktoria S. Karpova
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Anna O. Makshanova
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman G. Astrakhantsev
- HSE Tikhonov Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics, HSE University, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy S. Marfin
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the RAS, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
- Correspondence:
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