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Lian F, Li JL, Xu K. When transition-metal catalysis meets electrosynthesis: a recent update. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4390-4419. [PMID: 38771266 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00484a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
While aiming at sustainable synthesis, organic electrosynthesis has attracted increasing attention in the past few years. In parallel, with a deeper understanding of catalyst and ligand design, 3d transition-metal catalysis allows the conception of more straightforward synthetic routes in a cost-effective fashion. Owing to their intrinsic advantages, the merger of organic electrosynthesis with 3d transition-metal catalysis has offered huge opportunities for conceptually novel transformations while limiting ecological footprint. This review summarizes the key advancements in this direction published in the recent two years, with specific focus placed on strategy design and mechanistic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lian
- School of Medicine, Henan Engineering Research Center of Funiu Mountain's Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China.
| | - Jiu-Ling Li
- School of Medicine, Henan Engineering Research Center of Funiu Mountain's Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China.
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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Czaikowski ME, Anferov SW, Anderson JS. Metal-ligand cooperativity in chemical electrosynthesis. CHEM CATALYSIS 2024; 4:100922. [PMID: 38799408 PMCID: PMC11115383 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2024.100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has been an increasingly useful tool for organic synthesis, as it can selectively generate reactive intermediates under mild conditions using an applied potential. Concurrently, synergistic activity of a metal and a ligand has been used in thermal catalysis and electrocatalytic renewable fuel generation for substrate selectivity and improved catalyst activity. Combining these synthetic strategies is an attractive approach for mild, selective, and sustainable electrosynthesis. This perspective discusses examples of metal-ligand synergistic catalysis in electrochemical applications in organic and organometallic synthesis. The range of reactions and ligand design principles illustrates many opportunities for further discovery in this area and the potential for far-reaching synthetic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia E. Czaikowski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60627, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Sophie W. Anferov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60627, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - John S. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60627, USA
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Chen Y, Zhang S, Li Y, Li T, Ma Q, Yuan Y, Jia X. CBr 4 as a Mild Oxidant-Enabled Oxidation of a sp 3 C-H Bond: A Facile Synthesis of the Persistent Iminium Salts of Tetrahydroisoquinolines. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303952. [PMID: 38193608 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Using CBr4 as a mild oxidant, the direct C-H bond oxidation of N-aryltetrahydroisoquinolines was achieved, giving a series of the corresponding iminium salts in high yields under metal- and photo-free reaction conditions. This reaction is superior in high yields and good functional group tolerance, and the late-stage derivatization showed that these iminium salts can readily be applied to the synthesis of the functionalized THIQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China, 225002
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China, 225002
| | - Yuemei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China, 225002
| | - Tong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China, 225002
| | - Qiyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China, 225002
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China, 225002
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China, 225002
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Chen Y, Zhang S, Li T, Ma Q, Yuan Y, Jia X. Oxidants Controlled C-H Bond Functionalization of N-Aryltetrahydroisoquinolines: The Construction of the Quaternary Carbon Center and Cleavage of the C-N Bond. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303151. [PMID: 37875461 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Initiated by triarylamine radical cation salt (TBPA), the direct C-H bond functionalization of α-N-aryltetrahydroisoquinoline esters was smoothly realized, giving a series of α-hydroxylated derivatives with a quaternary carbon center in good yields. Differently, in the presence of tert-butyl nitrite (TBN), the C-N single bond was cleaved to keto esters. The mechanistic study revealed that these reactions were mediated by a similar mechanism, in which the N-nitrosation might provide a driving force to the C-N bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Tong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Qiyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
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Lei ZL, Liu TC, Cui FH, Pan YM, Li SH, Tang HT. Electrochemical Promoted Three-Component Trifluoromethylation/Spirocyclization Reaction of N-Arylsulfonylacrylamides to 4-Azaspiro[4.5]decanes. Org Lett 2023; 25:6001-6005. [PMID: 37548921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical facilitated three-component trifluoromethylation/spirocyclization reaction of N-(arylsulfonyl)acrylamides, CF3SO2Na, and H2O has been developed. Without the requirement of chemical oxidants, a number of unexplored trifluoromethylated 4-azaspiro[4.5]decanes were obtained in satisfactory yields under mild conditions. This work provides a new synthetic strategy for fluorine-containing spirocyclic compounds and shows a new perspective for the reactivity study of N-(arylsulfonyl)acrylamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Long Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Tai-Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Hu Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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