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Bai M, Zhang S, Lin Z, Hao Z, Han Z, Lu GL, Lin J. Ruthenium Complexes with NNN-Pincer Ligands for N-Methylation of Amines Using Methanol. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 38848310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
A series of ruthenium complexes (Ru1-Ru4) bearing new NNN-pincer ligands were synthesized in 58-78% yields. All of the complexes are air and moisture stable and were characterized by IR, NMR, and high-resolution mass spectra (HRMS). In addition, the structures of Ru1-Ru3 were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. These Ru(II) complexes exhibited high catalytic efficiency and broad functional group tolerance in the N-methylation reaction of amines using CH3OH as both the C1 source and solvent. Experimental results indicated that the electronic effect of the substituents on the ligands considerably affects the catalytic reactivity of the complexes in which Ru3 bearing an electron-donating OMe group showed the highest activity. Deuterium labeling and control experiments suggested that the dehydrogenation of methanol to generate ruthenium hydride species was the rate-determining step in the reaction. Furthermore, this protocol also provided a ready approach to versatile trideuterated N-methylamines under mild conditions using CD3OD as a deuterated methylating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxuan Bai
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Energy Conversion Materials and Devices, Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Shengxin Zhang
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Energy Conversion Materials and Devices, Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhengguo Lin
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Energy Conversion Materials and Devices, Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hao
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Energy Conversion Materials and Devices, Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhangang Han
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Energy Conversion Materials and Devices, Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Guo-Liang Lu
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019,Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jin Lin
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center for Energy Conversion Materials and Devices, Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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Concha-Puelles M, Torres-González S, Robles-Henríquez R, Lühr S. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Selective Mono N-Ethylation of Arylamines and Tandem Reduction/ N-Ethylation of Nitroarenes Using Triethylamine and Formic Acid. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38822797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The mono N-alkylation of arylamines using alkylamines as alkyl group donors has been scarcely investigated. In this work, we report the mono N-alkylation of several arylamines (52-95%) catalyzed by the complex ruthenium-triphos in the presence of Al(OTf)3. Moreover, the highly reductant ability of the catalyst system allows the tandem reduction/N-alkylation of nitrobenzenes in good yields (up to 80%). In addition, the catalyst can be recycled after three reaction cycles without loss of catalyst activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- MatíAs Concha-Puelles
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 775000, Chile
| | - Simón Torres-González
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 775000, Chile
| | - Ramiro Robles-Henríquez
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 775000, Chile
| | - Susan Lühr
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 775000, Chile
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Kumar Chaudhary V, Kukreti P, Sharma K, Kumar K, Singh S, Kumari S, Ghosh K. A sustainable strategic approach for N-alkylation of amines with activation of alcohols triggered via a hydrogen auto-transfer reaction using a Pd(II) complex: evidence for metal-ligand cooperativity. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:8740-8749. [PMID: 38712566 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00864b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This work describes a new well-defined, air-stable, phosphine free palladium(II) [Pd(L)Cl] (1) catalyst. This catalyst was utilized for N-alkylation of amines and indole synthesis where H2O was found to be the by-product. A broad range of aromatic amines were alkylated using this homogeneous catalyst with a catalyst loading of 0.1 mol%. Greener aromatic and aliphatic primary alcohols were utilized and a hydrogen auto-transfer strategy via a metal-ligand cooperative approach was investigated. The precursor of the antihistamine-containing drug molecule tripelennamine was synthesized on a gram scale for large-scale applicability of the current synthetic methodology. A number of control experiments were performed to investigate the possible reaction pathway and the outcomes of these experiments indicated the azo-chromophore as a hydrogen reservoir during the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Prashant Kukreti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Keshav Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Kapil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sain Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sheela Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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Templ J, Schnürch M. A Guide for Mono-Selective N-Methylation, N-Ethylation, and N-n-Propylation of Primary Amines, Amides, and Sulfonamides and Their Applicability in Late-Stage Modification. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304205. [PMID: 38353032 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of mono-alkylation methodologies targeting crucial nitrogen moieties - amines, amides, and sulfonamides - found in organic building blocks and pharmaceuticals. Emphasizing the intersection of chemical precision with drug discovery, the central challenge addressed is achieving one-pot mono-selective short-chain N-alkylations (methylations, ethylations, and n-propylations), preventing undesired overalkylation. Additionally, sustainable, safe, and benign alternatives to traditional alkylating agents, including alcohols, carbon dioxide, carboxylic acids, nitriles, alkyl phosphates, quaternary ammonium salts, and alkyl carbonates, are explored. This review, categorized by the nature of the alkylating agent, aids researchers in selecting suitable methods for mono-selective N-alkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Templ
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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Jiang L, Ni L, Tang X, Baell JB, Huang F, Ren L. Visible-light-induced N-alkylation of anilines with 4-hydroxybutan-2-one. RSC Adv 2024; 14:14452-14455. [PMID: 38694550 PMCID: PMC11061780 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01339e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of amines through N-alkylation is particularly attractive. Herein, a strategy for visible-light-induced N-alkylation of anilines with 4-hydroxybutan-2-one was developed in the presence of NH4Br, which avoid the use of metals, bases and ligands. In addition, gram-scale experiments proved that the system has the potential to be scaled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Ling Ni
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou 99 Zheda Road Quzhou Zhejiang Province 324000 China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou 99 Zheda Road Quzhou Zhejiang Province 324000 China
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Fei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Lanhui Ren
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou 99 Zheda Road Quzhou Zhejiang Province 324000 China
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Li J, Mao A, Hu X, Wang L, Wang D, Duan ZC. Preparation of a novel cadmium-containing coordination polymer and catalytic application in the synthesis of N-alkylated aminoquinoline derivatives via the borrowing hydrogen approach. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5064-5072. [PMID: 38375833 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report an efficient and straightforward approach for the synthesis of N-alkylated aminoquinoline derivatives by recyclable Cd-containing coordination polymer-catalyzed reactions of aminoquinolines with primary alcohols via the borrowing hydrogen strategy. In this work, a new type of coordination polymer [Cd(CIA)(phen)2(H2O)]n was successfully designed and fabricated. The molecular structure was corroborated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and fully characterized by PXRD, FT-IR, TGA, and XPS. Importantly, this polymer revealed high catalytic activity for the N-alkylation reaction of 2-aminoquinoline and 8-aminoquinoline with inexpensive and low-toxicity alcohols as alkylating agents in excellent yields up to 95%. Interestingly, the present synthetic protocol was successfully applied for the gram-level synthesis of several biologically active compounds. In addition, several control reactions were carried out to investigate the possible mechanisms of this transformation. Finally, recycling experiments indicated that the cadmium coordination polymer showed good recovery performance for borrowing hydrogen reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Anruo Mao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Likui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Dawei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Zheng-Chao Duan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, PR China
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Upadhyay R, Maurya SK. Titanium-Catalyzed Selective N-Alkylation of Amines with Alcohols via Borrowing Hydrogen Methodology. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38048482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The N-alkylation of amines with alcohols using earth-abundant and nonprecious metal catalysts has gained considerable attention in the pharmaceutical industry. We described titanium-catalyzed synthetic protocol for N-alkylation of amines with alcohols via borrowing hydrogen or hydrogen autotransfer reactions. The methodology enables the selective monoalkylation of various substituted (hetero)aromatic amines in good to excellent yields (up to 97% yield). The importance of the protocol was further demonstrated by the applicability of earth-abundant metal catalysis and the synthesis of 32 N-alkylated amines. The work allows the utilization of titanium-based catalysts for various reactions to expand the nature blueprint in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Upadhyay
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Sushil K Maurya
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
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Guin AK, Pal S, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty S, Paul ND. Oxygen Dependent Switchable Selectivity during Ruthenium Catalyzed Selective Synthesis of C3-Alkylated Indoles and Bis(indolyl)methanes. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38015094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a ligand-centered redox-controlled oxygen-dependent switchable selectivity during ruthenium-catalyzed selective synthesis of C3-alkylated indoles and bis(indolyl)methanes (BIMs). A wide variety of C3-alkylated indoles and BIMs were prepared selectively in moderate to good isolated yields by coupling a wide variety of indoles and alcohols, catalyzed by a well-defined, air-stable, and easy-to-prepare Ru(II)-catalyst (1a) bearing a redox-active tridentate pincer (L1a). Catalyst 1a efficiently catalyzed the C3-alkylation of indoles under an argon atmosphere while, under an oxygen environment, exclusively producing the BIMs. A few drug molecules containing BIMs were also synthesized efficiently. 1a exhibited excellent chemoselectivity with alcohols containing internal carbon-carbon double bonds. Mechanistic investigation revealed that the coordinated azo-aromatic ligand actively participates during the catalysis. During the dehydrogenation of alcohols, the azo-moiety of the ligand stores the hydrogen removed from the alcohols and subsequently transfers the hydrogen to the alkylideneindolenine intermediate, forming the C3-alkylated indoles. While under an oxygen environment, the transfer of hydrogen from the ligand scaffold to the molecular oxygen generates H2O2, leaving no scope for hydrogenation of the alkylideneindolenine intermediate, rather than it undergoing 1,4-Michael-type addition forming the BIMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Subhasree Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Subhajit Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Santana Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Nanda D Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
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