1
|
Pattathil V, Pranckevicius C. Aromaticity transfer in an annulated 1,4,2-diazaborole: facile access to Cs symmetric 1,4,2,5-diazadiborinines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7705-7708. [PMID: 38975792 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02414a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
A tricyclic annulated 1,4,2-diazaborole is readily accessed via reaction of a bidentate pyridyl-carbene ligand with MesBBr2 followed by reduction. Dearomatization of the flanking rings is shown to increase reactivity of this heterocycle in the form of a B-centred alkylation with MeI. Its reaction with hydrido-, fluoro-, and chloro-boranes reveal an unprecedented ring expansion reaction to form a diverse family of B2C2N2 heterocycles, reduction of which allows facile access to the first examples of Cs symmetric 1,4,2,5-diazadiborinines. DFT calculations have shed light on the electronic structures of the reduced species and provide insight into mechanistic aspects of the observed ring-expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Pattathil
- Department of Chemistry, Charles E. Fipke Centre for Innovative Research, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
| | - Conor Pranckevicius
- Department of Chemistry, Charles E. Fipke Centre for Innovative Research, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mondal H, Chattaraj PK. Unraveling Reactivity Pathways: Dihydrogen Activation and Hydrogenation of Multiple Bonds by Pyramidalized Boron-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300179. [PMID: 38117941 PMCID: PMC11004477 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of H2 by pyramidalized boron-based frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs) (B/E-FLP systems where "E" refers to N, P, As, Sb, and Bi) have been explored using density functional theory (DFT) based computational study. The activation pathway for the entire process is accurately characterized through the utilization of the activation strain model (ASM) of reactivity, shedding light on the underlying physical factors governing the process. The study also explores the hydrogenation process of multiple bonds with the help of B/N-FLP. The research findings demonstrate that the liberation of activated dihydrogen occurs in a synchronized, albeit noticeably asynchronous, fashion. The transformation is extensively elucidated using the activation strain model and the energy decomposition analysis. This approach suggests a co-operative double hydrogen-transfer mechanism, where the B-H hydride triggers a nucleophilic attack on the carbon atom of the multiple bonds, succeeded by the migration of the protic N-H.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himangshu Mondal
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of TechnologyKharagpur721302India
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Heteroatom-centered diradical(oid)s have been in the focus of molecular main group chemistry for nearly 30 years. During this time, the diradical concept has evolved and the focus has shifted to the rational design of diradical(oid)s for specific applications. This review article begins with some important theoretical considerations of the diradical and tetraradical concept. Based on these theoretical considerations, the design of diradical(oid)s in terms of ligand choice, steric, symmetry, electronic situation, element choice, and reactivity is highlighted with examples. In particular, heteroatom-centered diradical reactions are discussed and compared with closed-shell reactions such as pericyclic additions. The comparison between closed-shell reactivity, which proceeds in a concerted manner, and open-shell reactivity, which proceeds in a stepwise fashion, along with considerations of diradical(oid) design, provides a rational understanding of this interesting and unusual class of compounds. The application of diradical(oid)s, for example in small molecule activation or as molecular switches, is also highlighted. The final part of this review begins with application-related details of the spectroscopy of diradical(oid)s, followed by an update of the heteroatom-centered diradical(oid)s and tetraradical(oid)s published in the last 10 years since 2013.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (AOC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonas Bresien
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (AOC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Unveiling novel reactivity of P/Al frustrated Lewis pair: ring size-dependent activation of cyclic ethers/thioethers and CO2 insertion therein. J CHEM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-022-02119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
5
|
Mondal H, Patra SG, Chattaraj PK. Small molecule activation and dehydrogenation of an amine–borane system using frustrated Lewis pairs. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-01934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Mondal H, Ghara M, Chattaraj PK. A computational investigation of the activation of allene (H2C = C = CHR; R = H, CH3, CN) by a frustrated phosphorous/boron Lewis pair. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
7
|
Sharma G, Newman PD, Platts JA. A review of quantum chemical studies of Frustrated Lewis Pairs. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 105:107846. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
8
|
Prey SE, Wagner M. Threat to the Throne: Can Two Cooperating Boron Atoms Rival Transition Metals in Chemical Bond Activation and Catalysis? Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven E. Prey
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhuang D, Rouf AM, Li Y, Dai C, Zhu J. Aromaticity‐promoted CO
2
Capture by P/N‐Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs: A Theoretical Study. Chem Asian J 2019; 15:266-272. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danling Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical Computational ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Alvi Muhammad Rouf
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical Computational ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical Computational ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Chenshu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical Computational ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical Computational ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun X, Zhu Q, Xie Z, Su W, Zhu J, Zhu C. An Unprecedented Ga/P Frustrated Lewis Pair: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity. Chemistry 2019; 25:14295-14299. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Qin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), andDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry, and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Zhuoyi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Wei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), andDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry, and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Congqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhu J. Rational Design of a Carbon‐Boron Frustrated Lewis Pair for Metal‐free Dinitrogen Activation. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1413-1417. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), andCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ke Z, Li Y, Hou C, Liu Y. Homogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions – From a mechanistic point of view. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2017-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Homogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation/dehydrogenation reactions represent not only one of the most synthetically important chemical transformations, but also a promising way to renewably utilize the hydrogen energy. In order to rationally design efficient homogeneous catalysts for hydrogenations/dehydrogenations, it is of fundamental importance to understand their reaction mechanisms in detail. With this aim in mind, we herein provide a brief overview of the mechanistic understanding and related catalyst design strategies. Hydrogenations and dehydrogenations represent the reverse process of each other, and involve the activation/release of H2 and the insertion/elimination of hydride as major steps. The mechanisms discussed in this chapter include the cooperation (bifunctional) mechanism and the non-cooperation mechanisms. Non-cooperation mechanisms usually involve single-site transition metal (TM) catalysts or transition metal hydride (TM-H) catalysts. Cooperation mechanisms usually operate in the state-of-the-art bifunctional catalysts, including Lewis-base/transition-metal (LB-TM) catalysts, Lewis-acid/transition-metal (LA-TM) catalysts, Lewis-acid/Lewis-base (LA-LB; the so-called frustrated Lewis pairs - FLPs) catalysts, newly developed ambiphilic catalysts, and bimetallic transition-metal/transition-metal (TM-TM) catalysts. The influence of the ligands, the electronic structure of the metal, and proton shuttle on the reaction mechanism are also discussed to improve the understanding of the factors that can govern mechanistic preferences. The content presented in this chapter should both inspire experimental and theoretical chemists concerned with homogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions, and provide valuable information for future catalyst design.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou J, Liu LL, Cao LL, Stephan DW. An umpolung of Lewis acidity/basicity at nitrogen by deprotonation of a cyclic (amino)(aryl)nitrenium cation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018. [PMID: 29527605 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01331d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A cyclic (amino)(aryl)nitrenium cation 2 has been achieved by treatment of spiro[fluorene-9,3'-indazole] (1) with Ph2CHCl and AgBF4. This cation 2 is Lewis acidic at nitrenium N1, reacting with PMe3 affording a Lewis acid/base adduct 3. In contrast, deprotonation of 2 with other bases provides a neutral compound 4 which is Lewis basic at N1, reacting with electrophiles including GaCl3, MeOTf and PhNCO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xue YY, Sui JJ, Xu J, Ding YH. Theoretical Designs for Organoaluminum C 2Al 4R 4 with Well-Separated Al(I) and Al(III). ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5407-5414. [PMID: 31457809 PMCID: PMC6644568 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that the chemistry of aluminum is dominated by Al(III) in the +3 oxidation state. Only during the past 2 decades has the chemistry of Al(I) and Al(II) been rapidly developed. However, if Al(I) and Al(III) are combined, the inherently high reactivities of Al(I) and Al(III) mostly result in their coupling with each other or interacting with surrounding elements, which easily results in significant deactivation or quenching of the desired oxidation states, as in the case of reported mixed valent Al-compounds. In this article, we report an unprecedented type of organoaluminum system, C2Al4R4 (R = H, SiH3, Si(C6H5)3, SiiPrDis2, SiMe(SitBu3)2), whose lowest-energy structure, C2Al4R4-01, contains two Al(I) and two Al(III) atoms. The global nature and bonding motif of the parent C2Al4R4-01 (R = H) were supported by an extensive global isomeric search, CBS-QB3 energy calculations, adaptive natural density partitioning, and bond order analysis. Interestingly and in sharp contrast to most organoaluminum species, C2Al4R4-01 is associated with little multicenter bonding. C2Al4R4-01 has a high feasibility of being observed either in the gas or condensed phases (with suitable substitutents). With well-separated Al(I) and Al(III), C2Al4R4-01 (with suitable substitutents) could serve as the first Al/Al frustrated Lewis pair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-ying Xue
- Laboratory
of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical
Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Jing-jing Sui
- Laboratory
of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical
Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- E-mail: (J.X)
| | - Yi-hong Ding
- Laboratory
of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical
Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
- E-mail: (Y.-h.D)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kosanovich AJ, Press LP, Ozerov OV. Boryl transfer reactivity of a POCOP-supported Ir-diboryl: Reduction of CO2 to CO and borylation of other small molecules. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Zhou J, Cao LL, Liu LL, Stephan DW. FLP reactivity of [Ph 3C] + and (o-tolyl) 3P and the capture of a Staudinger reaction intermediate. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:9334-9338. [PMID: 28548663 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01726j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) derived from the trityl cation and (o-tolyl)3P effects the activation of 1,4-cyclohexadiene and 1-bromo-4-ethynylbenzene and heterolytically cleaves the S-S bond of diphenyl disulfide. The FLP also captures pentafluorophenyl azide as the Staudinger reaction intermediate, a species that reacts with Ph3SiH to give the silyl analog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Levy L Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rouf AM, Wu J, Zhu J. Probing a General Rule towards Thermodynamic Stabilities of Mono BN-doped Lower Polyenes. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:605-614. [PMID: 28056165 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The BN-doped organic analogues are interesting as aliphatic amineboranes for hydrogen storage, precursors for aromatic borazines and adsorbent cage azaboranes. However, BN-doped aliphatic polyenes remained undeveloped. Herein, we perform theoretical calculations on two mono BN-doped aliphatic lower polyenes, 1,3-butadiene and 1,3,5-hexatriene. A general rule is proposed, i.e., isomers with terminal nitrogen and directly BN-connected, N-B(R), in particular, are of significant thermodynamic stability as compared with their inverse analogues (where boron is at the terminal position). The N-B(R) type isomers are found to be the most stable ones in both polyenes. Isomers with terminal B and N are of intermediate stability. Highly destabilized isomers are those with one terminal methylene group and one terminal heteroatom in the butadiene series, and two terminal methylene groups in the hexatriene series. Rules established here may lead researchers to synthesize isomers with particular thermodynamic stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvi Muhammad Rouf
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam (New) Campus, Box 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jingjing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu LL, Zhu D, Cao LL, Stephan DW. N-Heterocyclic carbene stabilized parent sulfenyl, selenenyl, and tellurenyl cations (XH+, X = S, Se, Te). Dalton Trans 2017; 46:3095-3099. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00186j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
NHC-stabilized parent sulfenyl (H–S+), selenenyl (H–Se+) and tellurenyl (H–Te+) cations have been achieved by treatment of NHC chalcogen adducts with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Diya Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Levy L. Cao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada M5S 3H6
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu LL, Chen P, Sun Y, Wu Y, Chen S, Zhu J, Zhao Y. Mechanism of Nickel-Catalyzed Selective C-N Bond Activation in Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Amides: A Theoretical Investigation. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11686-11696. [PMID: 27809510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In textbooks, the low reactivity of amides is attributed to the strong resonance stability. However, Garg and co-workers recently reported the Ni-catalyzed activation of robust amide C-N bonds, leading to conversions of amides into esters, ketones, and other amides with high selectivity. Among them, the Ni-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling (SMC) of N-benzyl-N-tert-butoxycarbonyl (N-Bn-N-Boc) amides with pinacolatoboronate (PhBpin) was performed in the presence of K3PO4 and water. Water significantly enhanced the reaction. With the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the present study explored the mechanism of the aforementioned SMC reaction as well as analyzed the weakening of amide C-N bond by N-functionalization. The most favorable pathway includes four basic steps: oxidative addition, protonation, transmetalation, and reductive elimination. Comparing the base- and water-free process, the transmetalation step with the help of K3PO4 and water is significantly more facile. Water efficiently protonates the basic N(Boc) (Bn) group to form a neutral HN(Boc) (Bn), which is easily removed. The transmetalation step is the rate-determining step with an energy barrier of 25.6 kcal/mol. Further, a DFT prediction was carried out to investigate the full catalytic cycle of a cyclic (amino) (aryl)carbene in the Ni-catalyzed SMC of amides, which provided clues for further design of catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and ‡State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and ‡State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and ‡State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Yile Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and ‡State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Su Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and ‡State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and ‡State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province and ‡State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bange CA, Waterman R. Challenges in Catalytic Hydrophosphination. Chemistry 2016; 22:12598-605. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Bange
- Department of Chemistry; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont 05405 USA
| | - Rory Waterman
- Department of Chemistry; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont 05405 USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu LL, Wu Y, Chen P, Chan C, Xu J, Zhu J, Zhao Y. Mechanism, catalysis and predictions of 1,3,2-diazaphospholenes: theoretical insight into highly polarized P–X bonds. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1,3,2-Diazaphospholene-based compounds 2 with two electron donor amino groups on the heterocyclic skeleton, featuring an extremely polarized and weak P–X bond (X = H, CCMe, NMe2, PMe2 and SMe), are predicted to have a useful catalytic ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- China
| | - Yile Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- China
| | - Chinglin Chan
- Department of Chemistry
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Ji Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
- China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu D, Ganguly R, Li Y, Hoo SN, Hirao H, Kinjo R. Reversible [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 1,3,2,5-diazadiborinine with ethylene. Chem Sci 2015; 6:7150-7155. [PMID: 29861951 PMCID: PMC5952552 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03174e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Under ambient conditions, a [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 1,3,2,5-diazadiborinine 1 with ethylene afforded a bicyclo[2.2.2] derivative 2, which was structurally characterized.
Under ambient conditions, a [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 1,3,2,5-diazadiborinine 1 with ethylene afforded a bicyclo[2.2.2] derivative 2, which was structurally characterized. The cyclization process was found to be reversible, and thus retro-[4 + 2] cycloaddition reproduced 1 quantitatively, concomitant with the release of ethylene. Compound 1 reacted regio-selectively and stereo-selectively with styrene derivatives and norbornene, respectively, and these processes were found to be reversible too. Computational studies determined the reaction pathways which were consistent with the regio-selectivity observed in the reaction of styrene, and the reaction was suggested to be essentially concerted but highly asynchronous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry , School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371 , Singapore . ;
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- NTU-CBC Crystallography Facility , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Yongxin Li
- NTU-CBC Crystallography Facility , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Sin Ni Hoo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry , School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371 , Singapore . ;
| | - Hajime Hirao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry , School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371 , Singapore . ;
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry , School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 637371 , Singapore . ;
| |
Collapse
|