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Musci P, Colella M, Altomare A, Romanazzi G, Sheikh NS, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Dynamic Phenomena and Complexation Effects in the α-Lithiation and Asymmetric Functionalization of Azetidines. Molecules 2022; 27:2847. [PMID: 35566200 PMCID: PMC9103493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work it is demonstrated that enantiomerically enriched N-alkyl 2-oxazolinylazetidines undergo exclusive α-lithiation, and that the resulting lithiated intermediate is chemically stable but configurationally labile under the given experimental conditions that afford enantioenriched N-alkyl-2,2-disubstituted azetidines. Although this study reveals the configurational instability of the diastereomeric lithiated azetidines, it points out an interesting stereoconvergence of such lithiated intermediates towards the thermodynamically stable species, making the overall process highly stereoselective (er > 95:5, dr > 85:15) after trapping with electrophiles. This peculiar behavior has been rationalized by considering the dynamics at the azetidine nitrogen atom, the inversion at the C-Li center supported by in situ FT-IR experiments, and DFT calculations that suggested the presence of η3-coordinated species for diastereomeric lithiated azetidines. The described situation contrasted with the demonstrated stability of the smaller lithiated aziridine analogue. The capability of oxazolinylazetidines to undergo different reaction patterns with organolithium bases supports the model termed “dynamic control of reactivity” of relevance in organolithium chemistry. It has been demonstrated that only 2,2-substituted oxazolinylazetidines with suitable stereochemical requirements could undergo C=N addition of organolithiums in non-coordinating solvents, leading to useful precursors of chiral (er > 95:5) ketoazetidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantaleo Musci
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Colella
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Angela Altomare
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Christallography IC-CNR, Via Amendola 127/A, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Romanazzi
- DICATECh—Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Nadeem S. Sheikh
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.M.); (M.C.)
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2
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Delany PK, Mortimer CL, Hodgson DM. Electrophile dependent mechanisms in the asymmetric trapping of α-lithio- N-( tert-butoxythiocarbonyl)azetidine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12174-12177. [PMID: 32910117 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sn-Li exchange and 'poor man's Hoffmann tests' establish asymmetric trapping of α-lithio-N-(tert-butoxythiocarbonyl) (Botc) azetidine to be controlled by dynamic thermodynamic resolution or dynamic kinetic resolution, depending on the electrophile. Unusually, different configurational stability is seen for the anion generated by lithiation compared to transmetallation. Configurational stability of α-lithio-N-Boc azetidine indicates instability with the N-Botc system is due to the C[double bond, length as m-dash]S group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal K Delany
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Claire L Mortimer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - David M Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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3
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Delany PK, Hodgson DM. Synthesis and Homologation of an Azetidin-2-yl Boronic Ester with α-Lithioalkyl Triisopropylbenzoates. Org Lett 2019; 21:9981-9984. [PMID: 31800252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An α-boryl azetidine, obtained by α-lithiation-borylation of N-Botc azetidine, undergoes reaction with α-triisopropylbenzoyloxy organolithiums to give homologated boronic esters that can be further oxidized, homologated, arylated, and deprotected to give a range of α-substituted azetidines. Scalemic α-boryl azetidine-α-triisopropylbenzoyloxy organolithium pairings show stereospecific reagent control, providing access to either diastereomeric series of homologated boronic esters with very high er's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal K Delany
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , U.K
| | - David M Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , U.K
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4
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Reidl TW, Anderson LL. Divergent Functionalizations of Azetidines and Unsaturated Azetidines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W. Reidl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor St. Chicago, IL USA
| | - Laura L. Anderson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago 845 W. Taylor St. Chicago, IL USA
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5
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Luchini G, Ascough DM, Alegre-Requena JV, Gouverneur V, Paton RS. Data-mining the diaryl(thio)urea conformational landscape: Understanding the contrasting behavior of ureas and thioureas with quantum chemistry. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Luccarelli J, Paton RS. Hydrogen-Bond-Dependent Conformational Switching: A Computational Challenge from Experimental Thermochemistry. J Org Chem 2019; 84:613-621. [PMID: 30586500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have compiled an experimental data set (SWITCH10) of equilibrium constants for a series of hydrogen-bond-dependent conformational switches. These organic molecules possess common functionalities and are representative in terms of size and composition of systems routinely studied computationally. They exist as two well-defined conformations which serve as a useful tool to benchmark computational estimates of experimental Gibbs energy differences. We examine the performance of HF theory and a variety of density functionals (B3LYP, B3LYP-D3, CAM-B3LYP, ωB97X-D, M06-2X) against these experimental benchmarks. Surprisingly, despite a strong similarity between the two switch conformations, the average errors (0.4-1.7 kcal·mol-1) obtained across the data set for all methods are larger than obtained with HF calculations. B3LYP was found to outperform implicitly and explicitly dispersion-corrected functionals, with an average error smaller by 1 kcal·mol-1. Unsystematic errors in the optimized structures were found to contribute to the relatively poor performance obtained, while quasi-rigid rotor harmonic oscillator thermal contributions are important in improving the accuracy of computed Gibbs energy differences. These results emphasize the challenge of quantitative accuracy in computing solution-phase thermochemistry for flexible systems and caution against the often used (but unstated) assumption of favorable error cancellation in comparing conformers or stereoisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Luccarelli
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , U.K.,Department of Psychiatry , Massachusetts General Hospital , 55 Fruit Street , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
| | - Robert S Paton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , U.K.,Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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7
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Baumann AN, Eisold M, Music A, Haas G, Kiw YM, Didier D. Methods for the Synthesis of Substituted Azetines. Org Lett 2017; 19:5681-5684. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas N. Baumann
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Eisold
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Arif Music
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Geoffrey Haas
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, 4 place Jussieu, Paris 75252 Cedex 05, France
| | - Yu Min Kiw
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, 11 allée de Beaulieu, Rennes 35708 Cedex 7, France
| | - Dorian Didier
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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8
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Thakkar BS, Svendsen JSM, Engh RA. Cis/Trans Isomerization in Secondary Amides: Reaction Paths, Nitrogen Inversion, and Relevance to Peptidic Systems. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6830-6837. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Balmukund S. Thakkar
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø-9037, Norway
| | | | - Richard A. Engh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø-9037, Norway
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9
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Lorentzen M, Kalvet I, Sauriol F, Rantanen T, Jørgensen KB, Snieckus V. Atropisomerism in Tertiary Biaryl 2-Amides: A Study of Ar–CO and Ar–Ar′ Rotational Barriers. J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lorentzen
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Indrek Kalvet
- Snieckus
Innovations, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Francoise Sauriol
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Toni Rantanen
- Snieckus
Innovations, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kåre B. Jørgensen
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Victor Snieckus
- Snieckus
Innovations, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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10
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Side-Chain Lithiation of
$$N'$$
N
′
-(4-Chlorophenethyl)- and
$$N'$$
N
′
-(4-Methylphenethyl)-N, N-dimethylureas: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-017-2602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Antermite D, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Recent advances in the chemistry of metallated azetidines. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:34-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01665k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The almost unexplored four-membered azetidines represent a particularly interesting class of molecules, among the family of saturated nitrogen heterocycles. This review reports recent developments in direct metal-based functionalization of the azetidine ring, focusing on the regio- and stereoselectivity of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Antermite
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| | | | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari
- Bari 70125
- Italy
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12
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Pancholi AK, Geden JV, Clarkson GJ, Shipman M. Asymmetric Synthesis of 2-Substituted Azetidin-3-ones via Metalated SAMP/RAMP Hydrazones. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7984-92. [PMID: 27447363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
2-Substituted azetidin-3-ones can be prepared in good yields and enantioselectivities (up to 85% ee) by a one-pot procedure involving the metalation of the SAMP/RAMP hydrazones of N-Boc-azetidin-3-one, reaction with a wide range of electrophiles, including alkyl, allyl, and benzyl halides and carbonyl compounds, followed by hydrolysis using oxalic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpa K Pancholi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna V Geden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Shipman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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13
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Parisi G, Zenzola M, Capitanelli E, Carlucci C, Romanazzi G, Pisano L, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Exploiting structural and conformational effects for a site-selective lithiation of azetidines. PURE APPL CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AbstractInterest in molecular structures bearing four-membered heterocycles (FMHs) is growing due to the possibility to explore new regions of the chemical space and get new lead molecules. Our interest in the development of divergent synthesis of functionalized FMHs, prompted us to disclose factors affecting the reactivity of nitrogen-bearing FMHs towards metalating agents. Our investigations demonstrated that structural factors and conformational preferences need to be considered in planning a site-selective functionalization of azetidines. It will be showed how such factors could have pivotal importance in the reactivity of FMHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Parisi
- 1Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 – Italy
| | - Marina Zenzola
- 1Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 – Italy
| | - Emanuela Capitanelli
- 1Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 – Italy
| | - Claudia Carlucci
- 1Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 – Italy
| | - Giuseppe Romanazzi
- 2DICATECh, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 – Italy
- 3CNR NANOTEC−Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Polo di Nanotecnologia c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luisa Pisano
- 4Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 – Italy
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- 1Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 – Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- 1Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro” Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 – Italy
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14
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Simón L, Paton RS. QM/MM study on the enantioselectivity of spiroacetalization catalysed by an imidodiphosphoric acid catalyst: how confinement works. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3031-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00045b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An explanation of why confined imidodiphosphoric acid catalyst succeeds where other chiral phosphoric acid catalysts fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Simón
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad de Salamanca
- Salamanca E37004
- Spain
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