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Inoue R, Yokoyama M, Maruyama I, Morisaki Y. Direct Synthesis of ABCD-Porphyrin Platinum(II) Complexes via Dehydrative Aromatization. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301717. [PMID: 37401251 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the development of the first method for porphyrin synthesis by Rothemund in 1935, porphyrin derivatives have been widely investigated and have played an essential role in chemical sciences. Most synthetic routes of porphyrins involve oxidative aromatization. Herein, we present a synthetic method to produce ABCD-porphyrins, including chiral ones, through a one-pot reaction involving "coordination, cyclization, and dehydrative aromatization" using a mono-dipyrrinatoPt(II)Cl(COE) (COE=cyclooctene) complex as a platinum template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Inoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Momoka Yokoyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Itsuki Maruyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morisaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
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2
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Osadchuk I, Aav R, Borovkov V, Clot E. Chirogenesis in Zinc Porphyrins: Theoretical Evaluation of Electronic Transitions, Controlling Structural Factors and Axial Ligation. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1817-1833. [PMID: 34213815 PMCID: PMC8457158 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, sixteen different zinc porphyrins (possessing different meso substituents) with and without a chiral guest were modelled using DFT and TD-DFT approaches in order to understand the influence of various controlling factors on electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Two major aspects are influenced by these factors: excitation energy of the electronic transitions and their intensity. In the case of excitation energy, the influence increases in the following order: orientation of the peripheral substituents
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Osadchuk
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of ScienceTallinn University of Technology AddressAkadeemia tee 1512618TallinnEstonia
- ICGMUniv MontpellierCNRS, ENSCMMontpellierFrance
| | - Riina Aav
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of ScienceTallinn University of Technology AddressAkadeemia tee 1512618TallinnEstonia
| | - Victor Borovkov
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of ScienceTallinn University of Technology AddressAkadeemia tee 1512618TallinnEstonia
| | - Eric Clot
- ICGMUniv MontpellierCNRS, ENSCMMontpellierFrance
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, P. R. China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, P. R. China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, P. R. China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, P. R. China
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, P. R. China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, P. R. China
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Selby J, Holzapfel M, Lombe BK, Schmidt D, Krause AM, Würthner F, Bringmann G, Lambert C. Chiroptical Properties of Indolenine Squaraines with a Stereogenic Center at Close Proximity. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12227-12242. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Selby
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Blaise Kimbadi Lombe
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg 9, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Krause
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg 9, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg 9, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg 9, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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5
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Weak Interactions and Conformational Changes in Core-Protonated A 2- and A x-Type Porphyrin Dications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143195. [PMID: 32668713 PMCID: PMC7397311 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual chemical motifs are known to introduce structural distortions to the porphyrin macrocycle, be it in the core or at the periphery of the macrocycle. The interplay when introducing two or more of these known structural motifs has been scarcely explored and is not necessarily simply additive; these structural distortions have a chance to compound or negate to introduce new structural types. To this end, a series of compounds with complementary peripheral (5,15-disubstitution) and core (acidification) substitution patterns were investigated. The single-crystal X-ray structures of 18 5,15-diphenylporphyrin, 5,15-diphenylporphyrindi-ium diacid, and related compounds are reported, including the first example of a 5,15-dialkylporphyrindi-ium. Normal-coordinate structural decomposition (NSD) analysis is used for a detailed analysis of the conformation of the porphyrin subunit within the crystal structures. An elongation of porphyrin macrocycles along the C5,C15- axis (B2g symmetry) is observed in all of the free base porphyrins and porphyrin dications; distance across the core is around 0.3 Å in the free base and diacid compounds, and more than doubled in 5,15-dipentylporphyrin and 5,15-dipentylporphyrindi-ium diacid. While the free base porphyrins are largely planar, a large out-of-plane distortion can be observed in 5,15-diphenylporphyrin diacids, with the expected “projective saddle” shape characteristic for such systems. The combination of these two distortions (B2u and B2g) from regular porphyrin structure results in a macrocycle best characterized in the chiral point-group D2. A rare structural type of a cis-hydrogen bond chelate is observed for 5,15-dipentylporphyrindi-ium diacid, which adopts an achiral C2v symmetry. Crystallographic data indicate that the protonated porphyrin core forms hydrogen bonding chelates (N-H⋯X⋯H-N) to counter-anions. Weaker interactions, such as induced intramolecular C-H⋯O interactions from the porphyrin periphery are described, with distances characteristic of charge-assisted interactions. This paper offers a conceptual framework for accessing porphyrin macrocycles with designable distortion and symmetry, useful for the selective perturbation of electronic states and a design-for-application approach to solid state porphyrin materials.
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Callaghan S, Flanagan KJ, O'Brien JE, Senge MO. Short-Chained Anthracene Strapped Porphyrins and their Endoperoxides. European J Org Chem 2020; 2020:2735-2744. [PMID: 32612450 PMCID: PMC7319435 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses of short-chained anthracene-strapped porphyrins and their Zn(II)complexes are reported. The key synthetic step is a [2+2] condensation between a dipyrromethane and an anthracene bisaldehyde, 2,2'-((anthracene-9,10-diylbis(methylene))bis(oxy))dibenzaldehyde. Following exposure to white light, self-sensitized singlet oxygen and the anthracene moieties underwent [4+2] cycloaddition reactions to yield the corresponding endoperoxides. 1H NMR studies demonstrate that the endoperoxide readily formed in [D]chloroform and decayed at 85 °C. X-ray crystallography and absorption spectroscopy were used to confirm macrocyclic distortion in the parent strapped porphyrins and endoperoxides. Additionally, X-ray crystallography indicated that endoperoxide formation occurred exclusively on the outside face of the anthracene moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Callaghan
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Keith J. Flanagan
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - John E. O'Brien
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenberg‐Str. 2a85748GarchingGermany
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Gutzeit F, Dommaschk M, Levin N, Buchholz A, Schaub E, Plass W, Näther C, Herges R. Structure and Properties of a Five-Coordinate Nickel(II) Porphyrin. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:12542-12546. [PMID: 30925048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Axial coordination in nickel(II) porphyrins has been thoroughly investigated and is well understood. However, isolated five-coordinate nickel(II) porphyrins are still elusive after 50 years of intense research, even though they play a crucial role as intermediates in enzymes and catalysts. Herein we present the first fully stable, thoroughly characterized five-coordinate nickel(II) porphyrin in solution and in the solid state (crystal structure). The spectroscopic properties indicate pure high-spin behavior (S = 1). There are distinct differences in the NMR, UV-vis, and redox behavior compared to those of high-spin six-coordinate [with two axial ligands, such as NiTPPF10·(py)2] and low-spin four-coordinate (NiTPPF10) nickel(II) porphyrins. The title compound, a strapped nickel(II) porphyrin, allows a direct comparison of four-, five-, and six-coordinate nickel(II) porphyrins, depending on the environment. With this reference in hand, previous results were reevaluated, for example, the switching efficiencies and thermodynamic data of nickel(II) porphyrin-based spin switches in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natalia Levin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Stiftstrasse 34-36 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Axel Buchholz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstrasse 8 , 07743 Jena , Germany
| | | | - Winfried Plass
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstrasse 8 , 07743 Jena , Germany
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Hurej K, Pawlicki M, Latos-Grażyński L. Rhodium-Induced Reversible C-C Bond Cleavage: Transformations of Rhodium(III) 22-Alkyl-m-benziporphyrins. Chemistry 2018; 24:115-126. [PMID: 29044777 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The structurally prearranged carbaporphyrins 22-methyl- and 22-ethyl-m-benziporphyrins provide the platform stabilizing aromatic rhodium(III) 22-(μ-methylene-m-benziporphyrin) and rhodium(III) 22-(μ-ethylidene-m-benziporphyrin). An intramolecular conversion facilitated by the m-phenylene reactivity and observed for both aromatic complexes efficiently leads to rhodium(III) 21-(μ-methylene)-21-carbaporphyrin and rhodium(III) 21-(μ-ethylidene)-21-carbaporphyrin. The distinctive macrocyclic environment of rhodium(III) 21-carbaporphyrin created an opportunity to trap unique organometallic transformations of inner core substituents affording the fulvene-like bond pattern or the rearrangement to 21-vinyl substituent. The one-electron reduction of the rhodium(III) carbaporphyrin anion π-radical with a (dxy )2 (dxz )2 (dyz )2 -(P.- ) electronic configuration is demonstrated. The further process of reduction of paramagnetic species triggers the ethyl migration from carbon(22) to rhodium(III), affording the diamagnetic rhodium(III) meta-benziporphyrin containing the apically coordinated σ-ethyl ligand providing an example of reversible C(sp2 )-C(sp3 ) bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Hurej
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul.14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul.14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
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9
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Roche C, Luo Q, Gil-Ramírez G, Jiang HW, Kohn DR, Xiong Y, Thompson AL, Anderson HL. Unexpected Interactions between Alkyl Straps and Pyridine Ligands in Sulfur-Strapped Porphyrin Nanorings. J Org Chem 2017; 82:7446-7462. [PMID: 28654266 PMCID: PMC5600440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Strapped or “basket-handle” porphyrins have been
investigated previously as hemoglobin mimics and catalysts. The facial
selectivity of their interactions with axial ligands is a sensitive
test for noncovalent bonding. Here the binding of pyridyl ligands
to zinc porphyrins with thioester-linked alkyl straps is investigated
in solution by NMR spectroscopy and UV–vis titration, and in
the solid state by X-ray crystallography. We expected that coordination
of the axial ligand would occur on the less hindered face of the porphyrin,
away from the strap. Surprisingly, attractive interactions between
the strap and the ligand direct axial coordination to the strapped
face of the porphyrin, except when the strap is short and tight. The
strapped porphyrins were incorporated into π-conjugated cyclic
porphyrin hexamers using template-directed synthesis. The strap and
the sulfur substituents are located either inside or outside the porphyrin
nanoring, depending on the length of the strap. Six-porphyrin nanorings
with outwardly pointing sulfur anchors were prepared for exploring
quantum interference effects in single-molecule charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Roche
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Qianfu Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Hua-Wei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R Kohn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Yaoyao Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Amber L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory , Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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A tight 1:1 complex between an allosteric receptor and an organic effector with hydrogen and coordination bonds. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gehrold AC, Bruhn T, Bringmann G. Axial, Helical, and Planar Chirality in Directly Linked Basket-Handle Porphyrin Arrays. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1075-88. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas C. Gehrold
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Bruhn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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