1
|
Sen PP, Roy VJ, Raha Roy S. Electrochemical Activation of the C-X Bond on Demand: Access to the Atom Economic Group Transfer Reaction Triggered by Noncovalent Interaction. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9551-9564. [PMID: 35816013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An atom economic method demonstrates the involvement of noncovalent interaction via hydrogen or halogen bonding interaction in triggering paired electrolysis for the group transfer reactions. Specifically, this method demonstrated the bromination of several aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds through the activation of the C(sp3)-Br bond of organic-bromo derivatives on demand. This electrochemical protocol is mild, and mostly no additional electrolyte is needed, which makes the workup process straightforward. Unlike the existing regioselective monobromination methods, this work utilizes a relatively small amount (1.2 equiv) of bromine surrogates that releases bromine on demand under the electrochemical condition and after completion of the reaction generates acetophenone as a useful byproduct. Green metrics indicate this protocol has a very good atom efficiency with an E-factor of 26.86 kg of waste/1 kg of product. In addition to the scale-up process, this strategy could be extended to the transfer of chlorine and thioaryl units. An extensive mechanistic study is accomplished to validate the hypothesis of noncovalent interaction using computational, spectroscopic, and cyclic voltammetry studies. Finally, the applicability of this newly developed nonbonding interaction to trigger paired electrolysis was extended to the chemoselective debromination of several dihalo organic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vishal Jyoti Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sudipta Raha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen H, Wang Y, Liu Q, Guo Y, Cao S, Zhao Y. Synthesis and evaluation of photophysical properties of C‐3 halogenated derivatives of 2‐phenylimidazo[1,2‐
a
]pyridine. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P.R. China
| | - Qingjie Liu
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P.R. China
| | - Yanchun Guo
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P.R. China
| | - Shuxia Cao
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P.R. China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P.R. China
- Institute Drug Discovery Technology Ningbo University Ningbo 315211 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang H, Huang N, Wang N, Shen H, Teng F, Liu X, Jiang H, Tan MC, Gui QW. Ultrasound-Assisted Iodination of Imidazo[1,2-α]pyridines Via C-H Functionalization Mediated by tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25940-25949. [PMID: 34660956 PMCID: PMC8515396 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel metal catalyst-free and environmentally friendly method for the regioselective iodination of imidazo[1,2-α]pyridines at their C3 position is disclosed, which has a wide substrate scope and could be sustainable. This reaction proceeds through ultrasound acceleration in the presence of a green alcohol solvent. Compared with a conventional heating system, the reaction efficiency and the rate are significantly improved and the iodine atom economy is maximized using ultrasound techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- College
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural
University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Ning Huang
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Nengqing Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Haicheng Shen
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Fan Teng
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Mei-Chen Tan
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Qing-Wen Gui
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan
Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People’s Republic
of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh D, Chowdhury SR, Pramanik S, Maity S. Molecular iodine enabled generation of iminyl radicals from oximes: A facile route to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and its regioselective C-3 sulfenylated products from simple pyridines. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
5
|
Rostrup F, Falk-Petersen CB, Harpso E K, Buchleithner S, Conforti I, Jung S, Gloriam DE, Schirmeister T, Wellendorph P, Fro Lund B. Structural Determinants for the Mode of Action of Imidazopyridine DS2 at δ-Containing γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4730-4743. [PMID: 33847501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the therapeutic relevance of δ-containing γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) and the need for δ-selective compounds, the structural determinants for the mode and molecular site of action of δ-selective positive allosteric modulator imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine DS2 remain elusive. To guide the quest for insight, we synthesized a series of DS2 analogues guided by a structural receptor model. Using a fluorescence-based fluorometric imaging plate reader membrane potential assay, we found that the δ-selectivity and the pharmacological profile are severely affected by substituents in the 5-position of the imidazopyridine core scaffold. Interestingly, the 5-methyl, 5-bromo, and 5-chloro DS2 analogues, 30, 35, and 36, were shown to be superior to DS2 at α4β1δ as mid-high nanomolar potency δ-selective allosteric modulators, displaying 6-16 times higher potency than DS2. Of these, 30 also displayed at least 60-fold selectivity for α4β1δ over α4β1γ2 receptor subtypes representing a potential tool for the selective characterization of δ-containing GABAARs in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Rostrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Christina B Falk-Petersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Kasper Harpso E
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Stine Buchleithner
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Irene Conforti
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Sascha Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Petrine Wellendorph
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Bente Fro Lund
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu S, Wang B, Li H, Xiao W, Teng F, Shen H, Gui Q, Li Z, Jiang H. Halogenation of Imidazo[1,2‐
α
]pyridines with DXDMH (X=Cl, Br and I) Using DMSO as a Solvent and an Oxidant. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Hunan Agricultural University Changsha 410128 People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Hunan Agricultural University Changsha 410128 People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqin Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Hunan Agricultural University Changsha 410128 People's Republic of China
| | - Wending Xiao
- Hunan Jiudian Pharmaceutical Co. Changsha 410009 People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Teng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Hunan Agricultural University Changsha 410128 People's Republic of China
| | - Haicheng Shen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Hunan Agricultural University Changsha 410128 People's Republic of China
| | - Qing‐Wen Gui
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Hunan Agricultural University Changsha 410128 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhouchao Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Hunan Agricultural University Changsha 410128 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Hunan Agricultural University Changsha 410128 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gudimella SK, Kaur A, Kumar R, Samanta S. CuCl2-catalyzed N O bond cleavage of oxime esters: Approach to imidazoheterocycles and furo[3,2-c]chromenyl fused imidazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
8
|
Duan J, Zhang L, Xu G, Chen H, Ding X, Mao Y, Rong B, Zhu N, Guo K. NH4I-Triggered [4 + 2] Annulation of α,β-Unsaturated Ketoxime Acetates with N-Acetyl Enamides for the Synthesis of Pyridines. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8157-8165. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jindian Duan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Gaochen Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Heming Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ding
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yiyang Mao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Binsen Rong
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Park JW, Kim YH, Kim DY. Electrochemical oxidative iodination of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines using NaI as iodine source. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1717539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wha Park
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Duan J, Mao Y, Zhang L, Zhu N, Fang Z, Guo K. Copper‐Catalyzed [3+2] Annulation of 2‐Arylidene‐1,3‐Indandiones with N‐Acetyl Enamides for the Synthesis of Spiropyrrolines. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jindian Duan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Yiyang Mao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing 211816 China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S. Nanjing 211816 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reddy RJ, Shankar A, Kumari AH. An Efficient Sequential One‐Pot Approach for the Synthesis of C3‐Functionalized Imidazo[1,2‐
a
]pyridines under Transition‐Metal Free Conditions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raju Jannapu Reddy
- Department of Chemistry University College of ScienceOsmania University Hyderabad 500 007 India
| | - Angothu Shankar
- Department of Chemistry University College of ScienceOsmania University Hyderabad 500 007 India
| | - Arram Haritha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry University College of ScienceOsmania University Hyderabad 500 007 India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee JH, Jung HI, Kim DY. Visible light-mediated photocatalytic bromination of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines using CBr4 as bromine source. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1691738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hui Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Im Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang Z, You C, Wang C, Weng Z. Perfluorocarboxylic Anhydrides Triggered Cyclization: Access to 4-Perfluoroalkylpyridines. J Org Chem 2019; 84:14926-14935. [PMID: 31638392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A double nucleophilic addition-cyclization-elimination cascade is developed, that allows various 2,6-diaryl-4-perfluoroalkylpyridines to be synthesized in one step from easily available enamides and perfluorocarboxylic anhydrides. The procedure is also operationally simple and scalable and provides access to the facial construction of 4-fluoroalkylpyridines, which are of great interest in medicinal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment and Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fujian 350108 , China
| | - Chenhui You
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment and Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fujian 350108 , China
| | - Changfang Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection , Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Fuzhou 350013 , China
| | - Zhiqiang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment and Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fujian 350108 , China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Reen GK, Kumar A, Sharma P. Recent advances on the transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of imidazopyridines: an updated coverage. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1612-1704. [PMID: 31435443 PMCID: PMC6664406 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive account of recent advances in the synthesis of imidazopyridines, assisted through transition-metal-catalyzed multicomponent reactions, C-H activation/functionalization and coupling reactions are highlighted in this review article. The basic illustration of this review comprises of schemes with concise account of explanatory text. The schemes depict the reaction conditions along with a quick look into the mechanism involved to render a deep understanding of the catalytic role. At some instances optimizations of certain features have been illustrated through tables, i.e., selectivity of catalyst, loading of the catalyst and percentage yield with different substrates. Each of the reported examples has been rigorously analyzed for reacting substrates, reaction conditions and transition metals used as the catalyst. This review will be helpful to the chemists in understanding the challenges associated with the reported methods as well as the future possibilities, both in the choice of substrates and catalysts. This review would be quite appealing to a wider range of organic chemists in academia and industrial R&D sectors working in the field of heterocyclic syntheses. In a nutshell, this review will be a guiding torch to envisage: (i) the role of various transition metals in the domain dedicated towards method development and (ii) for the modifications needed thereof in the R&D sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok Kumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, (M. P.), India
| | - Pratibha Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, (M. P.), India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sun J, Han J, Zhang Y, Liu Y. CuBr
2
‐Promoted Multicomponent Aerobic Reaction for the Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triaroylindolizines. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Sun
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210044 P.R. China
| | - Junwen Han
- School of Chemistry and Material ScienceJiangsu Normal University Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Material ScienceJiangsu Normal University Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 P.R. China
| | - Yun Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceNanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210044 P.R. China
- School of Chemistry and Material ScienceJiangsu Normal University Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen Z, Liang P, Xu F, Qiu R, Tan Q, Long L, Ye M. Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Intermolecular Annulation: Three-Component Reaction toward Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine Thiones. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9369-9377. [PMID: 31274309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A Lewis acid-catalyzed three-component annulation reaction of 2-aminopyridines and ynals with elemental sulfur was established. A series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine thiones was obtained in moderate to excellent yields. The merits of this transformation include easily available starting materials, multiple C-heteroatom bond formation in one pot, good functional group tolerance, elemental sulfur as S source, operational simplicity, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province , Gannan Normal University , Ganzhou 341000 , P. R. China
| | - Pei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province , Gannan Normal University , Ganzhou 341000 , P. R. China
| | - Fan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province , Gannan Normal University , Ganzhou 341000 , P. R. China
| | - Rulin Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province , Gannan Normal University , Ganzhou 341000 , P. R. China
| | - Qi Tan
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province , Gannan Normal University , Ganzhou 341000 , P. R. China
| | - Lipeng Long
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province , Gannan Normal University , Ganzhou 341000 , P. R. China
| | - Min Ye
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province , Gannan Normal University , Ganzhou 341000 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jian W, Wang H, Du K, Zhong W, Huang J. Electrochemical Synthesis of 3‐Bromoimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines Directly from 2‐Aminopyridines and
alpha
‐Bromoketones. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Qian Jian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. CHINA
| | - Hai‐Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. CHINA
| | - Ke‐Si Du
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. CHINA
| | - Wei‐Qiang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. CHINA
| | - Jing‐Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhou B, Yuan Y, Jin H, Liu Y. I2O5-Mediated Iodocyclization Cascade of N-(1-Arylallyl)pyridine-2-amines with Concomitant C═C Bond Cleavage: A Synthesis of 3-Iodoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5773-5782. [PMID: 30983338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Katrun P, Kuhakarn C. K2S2O8-Mediated halogenation of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines using sodium halides as the halogen sources. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
20
|
Liu Y, Lu L, Zhou H, Xu F, Ma C, Huang Z, Xu J, Xu S. Chemodivergent synthesis of N-(pyridin-2-yl)amides and 3-bromoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines from α-bromoketones and 2-aminopyridines. RSC Adv 2019; 9:34671-34676. [PMID: 35529989 PMCID: PMC9073897 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06724h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-(Pyridin-2-yl)amides and 3-bromoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines were synthesized respectively from α-bromoketones and 2-aminopyridine under different reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Lixue Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Haipin Zhou
- College of Materials & Chemical Engineering
- Chuzhou University
- Chuzhou 239000
- China
| | - Feijie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Kowloon
- P. R. China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Jinyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Tan J, Ni P, Huang H, Deng GJ. Metal- and base-free synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines through elemental sulfur-initiated oxidative annulation of 2-aminopyridines and aldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:4227-4230. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00981c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An elemental sulfur-based metal- and base-free system enables oxidative imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine annulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tan
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
| | - Penghui Ni
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
| | - Huawen Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
| | - Guo-Jun Deng
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Xiangtan University
- Xiangtan 411105
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sultana F, Shaik SP, Alarifi A, Srivastava AK, Kamal A. Transition-Metal-Free Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Methylhetarenes with Imidazoheterocycles towards Efficient C(sp2
)−H Carbonylation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Faria Sultana
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Uppal Road Hyderabad- 500007 India
| | - Siddiq Pasha Shaik
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Uppal Road Hyderabad- 500007 India
- Chemical Sciences Division; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi- 110025 India
| | - Abdullah Alarifi
- Catalytic Chemistry Research Chair; Chemistry Department; College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajay Kumar Srivastava
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Uppal Road Hyderabad- 500007 India
- Chemical Sciences Division; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi- 110025 India
- Current Address: Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Janakipuram Extension; Sitapur Road Lucknow- 226031 India
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Uppal Road Hyderabad- 500007 India
- Chemical Sciences Division; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR); New Delhi- 110025 India
- Catalytic Chemistry Research Chair; Chemistry Department; College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang WS, Chen P, Tang Y. Regioselective TfOH-mediated hydroamidation of ynamides with nitriles. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
25
|
Ghandi M, Moshtaghi P, Abbasi A. Catalyst-free synthesis of 3-hydroxyimidazo[1,2- a ]pyridine zwitterion derivatives via the three-component reaction of ethyl glyoxalate, 2‑aminopyridines and cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyls. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
26
|
Abstract
Azines, which are six-membered aromatic compounds containing one or more nitrogen atoms, serve as ubiquitous structural cores of aromatic species with important applications in biological and materials sciences. Among a variety of synthetic approaches toward azines, C-H functionalization represents the most rapid and atom-economical transformation, and it is advantageous for the late-stage functionalization of azine-containing functional molecules. Since azines have several C-H bonds with different reactivities, the development of new reactions that allow for the functionalization of azines in a regioselective fashion has comprised a central issue. This review describes recent advances in the C-H functionalization of azines categorized as follows: (1) SNAr reactions, (2) radical reactions, (3) deprotonation/functionalization, and (4) metal-catalyzed reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Murakami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, and ‡JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shuya Yamada
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, and ‡JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneda
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, and ‡JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, and ‡JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ravi C, Adimurthy S. Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines: C‐H Functionalization in the Direction of C‐S Bond Formation. CHEM REC 2017; 17:1019-1038. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chitrakar Ravi
- Natural Products & Green ChemistryCSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar-364002 Gujarat India
| | - Subbarayappa Adimurthy
- Natural Products & Green ChemistryCSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar-364002 Gujarat India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kumar S, Sharma N, Maurya IK, Verma A, Kumar S, Bhasin KK, Sharma RK. Insights into selenylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine: synthesis, structural and antimicrobial evaluation. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00338b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An efficient methodology was developed to synthesize novel organoselenium derivatives of formyl-substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine by nucleophilic aromatic substitution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - Indresh K. Maurya
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - Ajay Verma
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Bhopal
- India
| | - Sangit Kumar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)
- Bhopal
- India
| | - K. K. Bhasin
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - Rohit K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Delaye PO, Pénichon M, Allouchi H, Enguehard-Gueiffier C, Gueiffier A. Regiocontrolled functionalization of 2,3-dihalogenoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines by Suzuki–Miyaura and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:4199-4204. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00624a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for regiocontrolled functionalization of 2,3-dihalogenoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine was developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P.-O. Delaye
- UMR INRA 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique
- Recherche et Innovation en Chimie Médicinale
- Université François Rabelais
- 37200 Tours
- France
| | - M. Pénichon
- UMR INRA 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique
- Recherche et Innovation en Chimie Médicinale
- Université François Rabelais
- 37200 Tours
- France
| | - H. Allouchi
- UMR INRA 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique
- Recherche et Innovation en Chimie Médicinale
- Université François Rabelais
- 37200 Tours
- France
| | - C. Enguehard-Gueiffier
- UMR INSERM 1069 Nutrition
- Croissance et cancer
- Université François Rabelais
- 37200 Tours
- France
| | - A. Gueiffier
- UMR INSERM 1069 Nutrition
- Croissance et cancer
- Université François Rabelais
- 37200 Tours
- France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Roslan II, Ng KH, Wu JE, Chuah GK, Jaenicke S. Synthesis of Disubstituted 3-Phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via a 2-Aminopyridine/CBrCl 3 α-Bromination Shuttle. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9167-9174. [PMID: 27606896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A versatile protocol for the synthesis of disubstituted 3-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines by coupling 2-aminopyridine with phenylacetophenones, phenylacetones, or β-tetralone has been developed. Isolated yields of up to 97% were obtained at 80 °C within 5 h. The 2-aminopyridine/CBrCl3 system acts as an α-bromination shuttle by transferring Br from CBrCl3 to the α-carbon of the carbonyl moiety. This triggers a series of steps with double C-N/C-N bond formation to the final product. The distinct advantages of this protocol include the use of commercially available inexpensive substrates, simplicity of a metal-free one-pot synthesis, and ease of scale-up to multigram quantities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irwan Iskandar Roslan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Kian-Hong Ng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Ji'-En Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Gaik-Khuan Chuah
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Stephan Jaenicke
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore 117543
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cu-Pybox catalyzed synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines from 2-aminopyridines and propargyl alcohol derivatives. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
32
|
Zhou X, Ma H, Cao J, Liu X, Huang G. Novel and efficient transformation of enamides into α-acyloxy ketones via an acyl intramolecular migration process. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10070-10073. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02002j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide and anhydride mediated transformation of enamides to afford substituted α-acyloxy ketones is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Haojie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Jinhui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Xingxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Guosheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cao J, Zhou X, Ma H, Shi C, Huang G. A facile and efficient method for the synthesis of 1,2,4-trisubstituted imidazoles with enamides and benzylamines. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08174f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel and practical method for the construction of 1,2,4-trisubstituted imidazoles with enamides and benzylamines catalysed by CuBr and I2 has been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Haojie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Chong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Guosheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| |
Collapse
|