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Taylor SD. A Decade of Research on Daptomycin. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1885-4934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDaptomycin is a calcium-dependent cyclic lipodepsipeptide antibiotic that is used in the clinic for treating serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. In this account, I present a summary of the research that has been conducted in my group on daptomycin’s total chemical synthesis, its structure–activity relationships, and its mechanism of action, since we began our studies a decade ago.1 Introduction2 Solid-Phase Synthesis of Daptomycin by an On-Resin Cyclization3 α-Azido Acids and Alternative Routes to Daptomycin by On-Resin Cyclization4 Synthesis of Daptomycin by an Off-Resin Cyclization5 SAR Studies on Daptomycin6 Oligomerization of Daptomycin on Membranes7 The Chiral Target of Daptomycin8 SAR Studies on Phosphatidylglycerol9 Conclusions
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2
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Recent Advances in Macrocyclic Drugs and Microwave-Assisted and/or Solid-Supported Synthesis of Macrocycles. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27031012. [PMID: 35164274 PMCID: PMC8839925 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocycles represent attractive candidates in organic synthesis and drug discovery. Since 2014, nineteen macrocyclic drugs, including three radiopharmaceuticals, have been approved by FDA for the treatment of bacterial and viral infections, cancer, obesity, immunosuppression, etc. As such, new synthetic methodologies and high throughput chemistry (e.g., microwave-assisted and/or solid-phase synthesis) to access various macrocycle entities have attracted great interest in this chemical space. This article serves as an update on our previous review related to macrocyclic drugs and new synthetic strategies toward macrocycles (Molecules, 2013, 18, 6230). In this work, I first reviewed recent FDA-approved macrocyclic drugs since 2014, followed by new advances in macrocycle synthesis using high throughput chemistry, including microwave-assisted and/or solid-supported macrocyclization strategies. Examples and highlights of macrocyclization include macrolactonization and macrolactamization, transition-metal catalyzed olefin ring-closure metathesis, intramolecular C–C and C–heteroatom cross-coupling, copper- or ruthenium-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition, intramolecular SNAr or SN2 nucleophilic substitution, condensation reaction, and multi-component reaction-mediated macrocyclization, and covering the literature since 2010.
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Moreira R, Noden M, Taylor SD. Synthesis of Azido Acids and Their Application in the Preparation of Complex Peptides. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAzido acids are important synthons for the synthesis of complex peptides. As a protecting group, the azide moiety is atom-efficient, easy to install and can be reduced in the presence of many other protecting groups, making it ideal for the synthesis of branched and/or cyclic peptides. α-Azido acids are less bulky than urethane-protected counterparts and react more effectively in coupling reactions of difficult-to-form peptide and ester bonds. Azido acids can also be used to form azoles on complex intermediates. This review covers the synthesis of azido acids and their application to the total synthesis of complex peptide natural products.1 Introduction2 Synthesis of α-Azido Acids2.1 From α-Amino Acids or Esters2.2 Via α-Substitution2.3 Via Electrophilic Azidation2.4 Via Condensation of N-2-Azidoacetyl-4-Phenylthiazolidin- 2-Thi one Enolates with Aldehydes and Acetals2.5 Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated α-Azido Acids and Esters3 Synthesis of β-Azido Acids3.1 Preparation of Azidoalanine and 3-Azido-2-aminobutanoic Acids3.2 General Approaches to Preparing β-Azido Acids Other Than Azi doalanine and AABA4 Azido Acids in Total Synthesis4.1 α-Azido Acids4.2 β-Azido Acids and Azido Acids Containing an Azide on the Side
Chain5 Conclusions
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4
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Karas JA, Carter GP, Howden BP, Turner AM, Paulin OKA, Swarbrick JD, Baker MA, Li J, Velkov T. Structure–Activity Relationships of Daptomycin Lipopeptides. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13266-13290. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Karas
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Glen P. Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Benjamin P. Howden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Adrianna M. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Olivia K. A. Paulin
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - James D. Swarbrick
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mark. A. Baker
- Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Kralt B, Moreira R, Palmer M, Taylor SD. Total Synthesis of Analogs of A54145D and A54145A 1 for Structure-Activity Relationship Studies. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2213-2219. [PMID: 31873009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The total solid-phase synthesis and in vitro biological activity of a series of analogs of A54145 factor D (A5D) and A54145 factor A1 (A5A1), two cyclic lipodepsipeptide antibiotics, are reported. An on-resin cyclization strategy was employed to prepare A5A1 analogs in which Thr4, the residue involved in the depsi (ester) bond, was replaced with either diaminopropionic acid (DAPA), (2S,3R)-diaminobutyric acid (DABA), or serine, effectively replacing the ring-closing ester bond with an amide linkage or with a primary ester. Antibacterial studies with these four analogs revealed that, contrary to a previous report, replacing the ester bond with an amide bond significantly reduces biological activity, and that both the ester bond and the methyl group at the γ-position of Thr4 are crucial for activity. Consistent with literature reports, we found that the single substitution of either 3-hydroxyasparagine (HOAsn) or 3-methoxyaspartate (MeOAsp) with Asn or Asp, respectively, in A5D is more detrimental to activity than the double substitution where both HOAsn and MeOAsp are replaced with Asn or Asp, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden Kralt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Ryan Moreira
- Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Michael Palmer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Scott D Taylor
- Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
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6
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Xu B, Hermant Y, Yang S, Harris PWR, Brimble MA. A Versatile Boc Solid Phase Synthesis of Daptomycin and Analogues Using Site Specific, On‐Resin Ozonolysis to Install the Kynurenine Residue. Chemistry 2019; 25:14101-14107. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Buzhe Xu
- School of Chemical SciencesThe University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoverySchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Auckland Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Yann Hermant
- School of Chemical SciencesThe University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoverySchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Auckland Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Sung‐Hyun Yang
- School of Chemical SciencesThe University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Paul W. R. Harris
- School of Chemical SciencesThe University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Auckland 3A Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoverySchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Auckland Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical SciencesThe University of Auckland 23 Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Auckland 3A Symonds Street Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoverySchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Auckland Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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7
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Zhou P, Liu X, Wu W, Xu C, Feng X. Catalytic Asymmetric Construction of β-Azido Amides and Esters via Haloazidation. Org Lett 2019; 21:1170-1175. [PMID: 30693781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic regio- and enantioselective haloazidation reaction with a chiral iron(II) complex catalyst under mild reaction conditions was reported. By this approach, the stereoselective α-halo-β-azido difunctionalization of both α,β-unsaturated amides and α,β-unsaturated esters was achieved. This method enabled the construction of a broad spectrum of valuable functionalized amides and esters, including enantiomerically enriched β-azido amides, aziridine amides, α-amino amide derivatives, β-triazole amides, functionalized peptide derivatives, and α-halo-β-azido-substituted esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Wangbin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Chaoran Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , China
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Moreira R, Barnawi G, Beriashvili D, Palmer M, Taylor SD. The effect of replacing the ester bond with an amide bond and of overall stereochemistry on the activity of daptomycin. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:240-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Synthesis of Functionalized Nitriles by Microwave-Promoted Fragmentations of Cyclic Iminyl Radicals. Chemistry 2017; 24:594-598. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Lohani CR, Soley J, Kralt B, Palmer M, Taylor SD. α-Azido Esters in Depsipeptide Synthesis: C–O Bond Cleavage during Azido Group Reduction. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11831-11840. [PMID: 27934468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuda Raj Lohani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L
3G1, Canada
| | - Jacob Soley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L
3G1, Canada
| | - Braden Kralt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L
3G1, Canada
| | - Michael Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L
3G1, Canada
| | - Scott D. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L
3G1, Canada
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Ngambenjawong C, Pineda JMB, Pun SH. Engineering an Affinity-Enhanced Peptide through Optimization of Cyclization Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2854-2862. [PMID: 27779387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptide cyclization is a strategy used to improve stability and activity of peptides. The most commonly used cyclization method is disulfide bridge formation of cysteine-containing peptides, as is typically found in nature. Over the years, an increasing number of alternative chemistries for peptide cyclization with improved efficiency, kinetics, orthogonality, and stability have been reported. However, there has been less appreciation for the opportunity to fine-tune peptide activity via the diverse chemical entities introduced at the site of linkage by different cyclization strategies. Here, we demonstrate how cyclization optimization of an M2 "anti-inflammatory" macrophage-binding peptide (M2pep) resulted in a significant increase in binding affinity of the optimized analog to M2 macrophages while maintaining binding selectivity compared to M1 "pro-inflammatory" macrophages. In this study, we report synthesis and evaluation of four cyclic M2pep(RY) analogs with diverse cyclization strategies: (1) Asp-[amide]-Lys, (2) azido-Lys-[triazole(copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC))]-propargyl-Gly, (3) Cys-[decafluorobiphenyl (DFBP)]-Cys, and (4) Cys-[decafluorobiphenyl sulfone (DFS)]-Cys, whereby the chemical entity or linker at the linkage site is shown in the square bracket and is between the residues involved in cyclization. These peptides are compared to a disulfide-cyclized M2pep(RY) that we previously reported as a serum-stable, affinity-enhanced analog to the original linear M2pep. DFBP-cyclized M2pep(RY) exhibits the highest binding activity to M2 macrophages with apparent dissociation constant (KD) about 2.03 μM compared to 36.3 μM for the original disulfide-cyclized M2pep(RY) and 220 μM for the original linear peptide. DFS-cyclized M2pep(RY) also binds more strongly than the original cyclized analog, whereas amide- and triazole-cyclized M2pep(RY) analogs bind less strongly. We verified that DFBP alone has negligible binding to M2 macrophages and the incorporation of diphenylalanine to the original sequence improves binding activity at the expense of solubility and increased toxicity. In conclusion, we report development of cyclic M2pep(RY) analogs with diverse cyclization strategies leading to the discovery of DFBP-cyclized M2pep(RY) with enhanced M2 macrophage-binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanon Ngambenjawong
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Julio Marco B Pineda
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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12
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Taylor SD, Lohani CR. A Fresh Look at the Staudinger Reaction on Azido Esters: Formation of 2H-1,2,3-Triazol-4-ols from α-Azido Esters Using Trialkyl Phosphines. Org Lett 2016; 18:4412-5. [PMID: 27532326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Taylor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Chuda Raj Lohani
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario Canada, N2L 3G1
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