1
|
Claton LE, Pan H, Simanek EE. Impact of Solvent and Protonation State on Rotational Barriers in [s]-Triazines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5480-5484. [PMID: 38591934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Amine-substituted [s]-triazines display hindered rotation around the triazine-N bond. While this barrier, ΔG‡, has been measured to be between 15.1 and 17.7 kcal/mol for neutral triazines, the impacts that solvent and protonation state have not been addressed. Using a dimethylamine substituent as a reporter, ΔG‡ was measured to be 17.5-19.3 kcal/mol upon protonation across a range of solvents (D2O, DMSO-d6, MeCN-d3, MeOD-d4, tetrahydrofuran-d8, trifluoroethanol-d3). Furthermore, ΔG‡ increases as the solvent dielectric decreases (p < 0.01). This trend is consistent with the role that solvent plays in stabilizing the increased charge density on the triazine ring resulting from a loss of conjugation with the dimethylamine substituent. Across these solvents, ΔG‡ for the neutral molecule is smaller by ∼2-3 kcal/mol, ranging from 15.3-16.1 kcal/mol. In pyridine, ΔG‡ does not correlate with the solvent dielectric for the "protonated" model. The lower barrier is attributed to competitive protonation: the pKa of the protonated triazine (∼6) is similar to that of protonated pyridine-d5 (5.8). As additional acid is added, ΔG‡ increases. Adding additional acid to the protonated model in D2O or DMSO-d6 does not significantly affect ΔG‡.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam E Claton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76109, United States
| | - Hongjun Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Eric E Simanek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Menke AJ, Jacobus ZP, Claton LE, Annunziata O, Capelli R, Pavan GM, Simanek EE. Proton Affinity and Conformational Integrity of a 24-Atom Triazine Macrocycle across Physiologically Relevant pH. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2467-2473. [PMID: 38299798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
For 24-atom triazine macrocycles, protonation of the heterocycle leads to a rigid, folded structure presenting a network of hydrogen bonds. These molecules derive from dynamic covalent chemistry wherein triazine monomers bearing a protected hydrazine group and acetal tethered by the amino acid dimerize quantitatively in an acidic solution. Here, lysine is used, and the product is a tetracation. The primary amines of the lysine side chains do not interfere with quantitative yields of the desired bis(hydrazone) at concentrations of 5-125 mg/mL. Mathematical modeling of data derived from titration experiments of the macrocycle reveals that the pKa values of the protonated triazines are 5.6 and 6.7. Changes in chemical shifts of resonances in the 1H NMR spectra corroborate these values and further support assignment of the protonation sites. The pKa values of the lysine side chains are consistent with expectation. Upon deprotonation, the macrocycle enjoys greater conformational freedom as evident from the broadening of resonances in the 1H and 13C NMR spectra indicative of dynamic motion on the NMR time scale and the appearance of additional conformations at room temperature. While well-tempered metadynamics suggests only a modest difference in accessible conformational footprints of the protonated and deprotonated macrocycles, the shift in conformation(s) supports the stabilizing role that the protons adopt in the hydrogen-bonded network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Menke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Zachary P Jacobus
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Liam E Claton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Onofrio Annunziata
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Riccardo Capelli
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Polo Universitario Lugano, Lugano-Viganello 6962, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Eric E Simanek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao Z, Ju B, Tang B, Ma W, Niu W, Zhang S. Residue-Free and Recyclable Starch-Based Flocculants for Dye Wastewater Flocculation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 38297996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Flocculants are crucial agents in wastewater treatment because they can remove oppositely charged impurities effectively and swiftly. However, flocculation also inevitably causes secondary contamination due to the residual properties, nonreusability, and nondegradability of traditional flocculant molecules. Herein, an ecofriendly starch-based flocculant, i.e., 2,4-bis(dimethylamino)-[1,3,5]-triazine-6-starch, was synthesized via a preactivation-etherification strategy. The large molecular weight property of the flocculant produced by this method enhances the intermolecular hydrophobic association, achieving complete phase separation of all flocculant molecules from water and residue-free flocculation for the first time. Importantly, a large molecular weight tertiary amine starch-based flocculant (LMTS) exhibits a remarkable flocculation capacity of over 1800 mg·g-1 for dye wastewater, which is significantly higher than that of traditional polyacrylamide and polyaluminum chloride flocculants. Furthermore, the LMTS flocculant could be recycled by pH adjustment, and its structural stability ensured sustained reusability. This high-performance residue-free biomass-based flocculant offers a green advance for wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Benzhi Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bingtao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wenbin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Menke AJ, Henderson NC, Kouretas LC, Estenson AN, Janesko BG, Simanek EE. Computational and Experimental Evidence for Templated Macrocyclization: The Role of a Hydrogen Bond Network in the Quantitative Dimerization of 24-Atom Macrocycles. Molecules 2023; 28:1144. [PMID: 36770811 PMCID: PMC9921993 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the absence of preorganization, macrocyclization reactions are often plagued by oligomeric and polymeric side products. Here, a network of hydrogen bonds was identified as the basis for quantitative yields of macrocycles derived from the dimerization of monomers. Oligomers and polymers were not observed. Macrocyclization, the result of the formation of two hydrazones, was hypothesized to proceed in two steps. After condensation to yield the monohydrazone, a network of hydrogen bonds formed to preorganize the terminal acetal and hydrazine groups for cyclization. Experimental evidence for preorganization derived from macrocycles and acyclic models. Solution NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that the macrocycles isolated from the cyclization reaction were protonated twice. These protons contributed to an intramolecular network of hydrogen bonds that engaged distant carbonyl groups to realize a long-range order. DFT calculations showed that this network of hydrogen bonds contributed 8.7 kcal/mol to stability. Acyclic models recapitulated this network in solution. Condensation of an acetal and a triazinyl hydrazine, which adopted a number of conformational isomers, yielded a hydrazone that adopted a favored rotamer conformation in solution. The critical hydrogen-bonded proton was also evident. DFT calculations of acyclic models showed that the rotamers were isoenergetic when deprotonated. Upon protonation, however, energies diverged with one low-energy rotamer adopting the conformation observed in the macrocycle. This conformation anchored the network of hydrogen bonds of the intermediate. Computation revealed that the hydrogen-bonded network in the acyclic intermediate contributed up to 14 kcal/mol of stability and preorganized the acetal and hydrazine for cyclization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin G. Janesko
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Eric E. Simanek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
New s-Triazine/Tetrazole conjugates as potent antifungal and antibacterial agents: Design, molecular docking and mechanistic study. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
6
|
Petelski AN, Pamies SC, Márquez MJV, Sosa GL, Peruchena NM. Impact of covalent modifications on the hydrogen bond strengths in diaminotriazine supramolecules. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200151. [PMID: 35420735 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Melamine (M) is a popular triamine triazine compound in the field of supramolecular materials. In this work, we have computationally investigated how substituents can be exploited to improve the binding strength of M supramolecules. Two types of covalent modifications were studied: the substitution of an H atom within an amine group -NHR, and the replacement of the whole -NH 2 group (R = H, F, CH 3 and COCH 3 ). Through our dispersion-corrected density functional theory computations, we explain which covalent modification will show the best self-assembling capabilities, and why the binding energy is enhanced. Our charge density and molecular orbital analyses indicate that the best substituents are those that generate a charge accumulation on the endocyclic N atom, providing an improvement of the electrostatic attraction. At the same time the substituent assists the main N-H⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds by interacting with the amino group of the other monomer. We also show how the selected group notably boosts the strength of hexameric rosettes. This research, therefore, provides molecular tools for the rational design of emerging materials based on uneven hydrogen-bonded arrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Nicolai Petelski
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional: Universidad Tecnologica Nacional, Chemical Engioneering, French 414, H3500CHJ, Resistencia, ARGENTINA
| | - Silvana Carina Pamies
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional: Universidad Tecnologica Nacional, Chemical Engineering, French 414, H3500CHJ, Resistencia, ARGENTINA
| | - María Josefina Verónica Márquez
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional: Universidad Tecnologica Nacional, Chemical Engineering, French 414, H3500CHJ, Resistencia, ARGENTINA
| | - Gladis Laura Sosa
- Universidad Tecnológica Nacional: Universidad Tecnologica Nacional, Chemical Engineering, French 414, H3500CHJ, Resistencia, ARGENTINA
| | - Nélida María Peruchena
- National University of the Northeast: Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Chemistry, Avenida Libertad 5460, 3400, Corrientes, ARGENTINA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
He C, Wang K, Wang Y, Xu S, Liu Y, Cao S. Properties tuning of supramolecular discotics by non-mesogenic triazines and acids. Aust J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
8
|
Samanta J, Dorn RW, Zhang W, Jiang X, Zhang M, Staples RJ, Rossini AJ, Ke C. An ultra-dynamic anion-cluster-based organic framework. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
Cheng L, Liang C, Liu W, Wang Y, Chen B, Zhang H, Wang Y, Chai Z, Wang S. Three-Dimensional Polycatenation of a Uranium-Based Metal–Organic Cage: Structural Complexity and Radiation Detection. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16218-16222. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chengyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Environment and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yaxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yanlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moustafa MS, Mekheimer RA, Al-Mousawi SM, Abd-Elmonem M, El-Zorba H, Hameed AMA, Mohamed TM, Sadek KU. Microwave-assisted efficient one-pot synthesis of N 2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-6-aryl/heteroaryl-5,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1706-1712. [PMID: 32733614 PMCID: PMC7372238 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient one-pot synthesis of N 2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-6-aryl/heteroaryl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine derivatives was developed by reacting 5-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrazole with aromatic aldehydes and cyanamide in pyridine under controlled microwave heating with high yields. X-ray crystallography confirmed the structure of the obtained products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohamed Abd-Elmonem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Hesham El-Zorba
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | | | | | - Kamal Usef Sadek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu Z, Wu W, Wu W, Liu C, Wang Y, Wang Z. Synthesis of a triazine-based macromolecular hybrid charring agent containing zinc borate and its flame retardancy and thermal properties in polypropylene. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2020.1786790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Liu
- Sino-German Joint Research Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Sino-German Joint Research Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenzheng Wu
- Sino-German Joint Research Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Sino-German Joint Research Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Sino-German Joint Research Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyi Wang
- Sino-German Joint Research Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lolak N, Akocak S, Bua S, Supuran CT. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel ureido benzenesulfonamides incorporating 1,3,5-triazine moieties as potent carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2019; 82:117-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
13
|
Wu H, Li Y, Zeng B, Chen G, Wu Y, Chen T, Dai L. A high synergistic P/N/Si-containing additive with dandelion-shaped structure deriving from self-assembly for enhancing thermal and flame retardant property of epoxy resins. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|