1
|
Xiao Y, Chen S, Li J, Lu Z, Hu C. Cooperative roles of Sn(IV) and Cu(II) for efficient transformation of biomass-derived acetol towards lactic acid production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155044. [PMID: 35413341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acetol as one of the major constituent derived from biomass pyrolysis has shown high potential as feedstock to produce chemicals but remains challenging due to the unsatisfied productivity. We here developed a novel technology (Sn(IV)-Cu(II) system), achieving acetol transformation towards lactic acid (LaA) production with an unprecedented yield (91.8 C-mol%), the highest value among the state-of-the-art strategies. The results of experiment and DFT study revealed that [Cu(H2O)4]2+ and [Sn(OH)3(H2O)3]+ were the possible active species, which showed an outstanding synergetic effect. [Cu(H2O)4]2+ exhibited better ability for acetol activation, and gave more contribution to promote the dehydrogenation oxidation in the terminal carbon and hydroxyl of acetol yielding pyruvaldehyde (PRA). Subsequently, the combination of [Sn(OH)3(H2O)3]+ with PRA raised the electrophilicity capacity of terminal C in PRA, thereby facilitating the hydration reaction of PRA so that CH bond energy in the terminal carbon was sharply reduced. This greatly favored the next H-shift from the terminal carbon of hydrated-PRA to adjacent one, allowing LaA synthesis in high productivity. This work might give some important insights for designing new approach to meet the huge demand of LaA in the current market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Shiyao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Jianmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China.
| | - Zhiyun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Origin of enantioselectivity and product-distribution control in isocyanide-based multicomponent reaction catalysed by chiral N, N'-dioxide-Mg(II) complex. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
3
|
Lv C, Meng X, Wang M, Zhang Y, Hu C, Kim CK, Su Z. Mechanism and Selectivity of Cyclopropanation of 3-Alkenyl-oxindoles with Sulfoxonium Ylides Catalyzed by a Chiral N, N'-Dioxide-Mg(II) Complex. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11683-11697. [PMID: 34343433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism and stereoselectivity of an asymmetric cyclopropanation reaction between 3-alkenyl-oxindole and sulfoxonium ylide catalyzed by a chiral N,N'-dioxide-Mg(II) complex were explored using the B3LYP-D3(BJ) functional and the def2-TZVP basis set. The noncatalytic reaction occurred via a stepwise mechanism, with activation barriers of 21.6-23.5 kcal mol-1. The C2-Cα bond formed followed by the carbanion SN2 substitution, constructing a three-membered ring in spiro-cyclopropyl oxindoles, accompanied by the release of dimethylsulfoxide. The electron-withdrawing N-protecting t-butyloxy carbonyl (Boc) and acetyl (Ac) groups in isatin enhanced the local electrophilicity of the C2 atom and the repulsion between the two COPh groups in the reactants, contributing to high reactivity as well as good diastereoselectivity results. The N-Boc-3-phenacylideneoxindole coordinated to the chiral ligand (L-PiPr2) in a bidentate fashion, forming a hexacoordinate-Mg(II) complex as the reactive species. The origin of enantioselectivity was from the shielding effect of 2,6-diisopropylphenyl groups in the ligand toward the si-face of oxindole. The repulsion between the SO(CH3)2 and COPh groups in 3-alkenyl-oxindole and the neighboring ortho-iPr group in the ligand directed the re-face of ylide to attack the re-face of oxindole preferably, contributing to the high diastereoselectivity of the product. A metal-ion-ligand matching relationship was important for a good asymmetric induction effect of the chiral N,N'-dioxide-metal catalyst. A large chiral cavity in the Zn(II) catalyst weakened the shielding effect of 2,6-diisopropylphenyl groups in the ligand toward the prochiral face of oxindole, leading to inferior enantioselectivity observed in the experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cidan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiangxiang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Chan Kyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ahmad SAZ, Jena TK, Khan FA. Alkyl Enol Ethers: Development in Intermolecular Organic Transformation. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1685-1702. [PMID: 33979009 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl enol ethers (AEE) are versatile synthetic intermediates with a unique reactivity pattern. This review article summarizes the synthesis of AEE as well as its reactivity and how enol ether undergoes intermolecular reactions for various bond formation, leading to the construction of several useful organic molecules. The synthetic applications of alkyl enol ethers towards intermolecular bond-forming reactions include metal-catalyzed reactions, cycloaddition and heterocycle formation as well as rwactions in the field of natural products synthesis. The achievement of these impressive transformations prove the countless synthetic potential of AEE. The main objective of this review is to bring attentiveness among synthetic chemists to show how AEE extensively can be used to react with both electrophiles as well as nucleophiles, thereby behaving as an ambiphilic reactant. We trust that the unique reactivity pattern of alkyl enol ethers and the fundamental mechanistic idea can attract chemists in AEE chemistry. Exclusively, intermolecular reactions of AEE with other functionalized moieties have not been reviewed to the best of our knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat Asma Ziya Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Jena
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Faiz Ahmed Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Meng X, Wang M, Hu C, Su Z. Asymmetric [2 + 2] cycloaddition of isatin with ketene catalyzed by N, N'-dioxide-Sc(III) complex: Mechanism and selectivity. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
6
|
Singh G, Diksha, Singh A, Satija P, Pawan, Mohit, González-Silvera D, Espinosa-Ruíz C, Esteban MA. Organosilanes and their magnetic nanoparticles as naked eye red emissive sensors for Ag + ions and potent anti-oxidants. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00242b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This work involves the synthesis of organosilanes as colorimetric sensors for the detection of Ag+ ions, cytotoxicity studies and antioxidant activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diksha
- Department of Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - Akshpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - Pinky Satija
- Department of Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - Pawan
- Department of Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - Mohit
- Department of Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - D. González-Silvera
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology
- Faculty of Biology
- University of Murcia
- 30100 Murcia
- Spain
| | - Cristóbal Espinosa-Ruíz
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology
- Faculty of Biology
- University of Murcia
- 30100 Murcia
- Spain
| | - María Angeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology
- Faculty of Biology
- University of Murcia
- 30100 Murcia
- Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang M, Meng X, Hu C, Su Z. Selectivity control in inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction of o-Quinone methides catalyzed by chiral N,N′-Dioxide–Sc(III) complex. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
Meng X, Li J, Zuo Y, Hu C, Su Z. Theoretical Study on Asymmetric [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of an Alkynone with a Cyclic Enol Silyl Ether Catalyzed by a Chiral N,N′-Dioxide-Zn(II) Complex. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yini Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang LL, Zhang JW, Xiang SH, Guo Z, Tan B. Stereoselective Construction of Complex Spirooxindoles via Bisthiourea Catalyzed Three-Component Reactions. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Zhang
- College of Material Science & Engineering; Taiyuan University of Technology; Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
- Department of Chemistry; South University of Science and Technology of China; Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Ji-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; South University of Science and Technology of China; Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Shao-Hua Xiang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies; Southern University of Science and Technology; Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Zhen Guo
- College of Material Science & Engineering; Taiyuan University of Technology; Taiyuan Shanxi 030024 China
| | - Bin Tan
- Department of Chemistry; South University of Science and Technology of China; Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Su Z, Zuo Y, Hu C. Theoretical Investigation on Direct Vinylogous Aldol Reaction of Isatin Catalyzed by Chiral- N , N' -dioxide Sc(III) Complex. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
11
|
Sengoku T, Hayashi D, Takahashi M, Yoda H. Electrophilic Amide Allylation of 3-Heterosubstituted Oxindoles: A Route to Spirocyclic 2-Oxindoles Containing the α-Methylene-γ-butyrolactam Structure. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Sengoku
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku 432-8561 Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Daichi Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku 432-8561 Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku 432-8561 Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Hidemi Yoda
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; Shizuoka University; 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku 432-8561 Hamamatsu Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zuo Y, Yang N, Huang X, Hu C, Su Z. Mechanism and Origins of Stereoinduction in an Asymmetric Friedel–Crafts Alkylation Reaction of Chalcone Catalyzed by Chiral N,N′-Dioxide–Sc(III) Complex. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4628-4640. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yini Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xunkun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zuo Y, Su Z, Wang J, Hu C. Theoretical study on the mechanism and selectivity of asymmetric cycloaddition reactions of 3-vinylindole catalyzed by chiral N,N'-dioxide-Ni(II) complex. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Tang Q, Lin L, Ji J, Hu H, Liu X, Feng X. Catalytic Asymmetric Direct Vinylogous Aldol Reaction of Isatins with β,γ-Unsaturated Butenolides. Chemistry 2017; 23:16447-16451. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Jie Ji
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Haipeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Su Z, He W, Wang J, Zuo Y, Hu C. Theoretical investigation on donor–acceptor interaction between a carbonyl compound and an N,N′-dioxide–Sc(iii) complex. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12258f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The counterion and substituent on amide of the N,N′-dioxide ligand could affect electrostatic energy (ΔVelstat) as well as orbital energy (ΔEorb) between CH2O and Sc(iii)-based catalyst, adjusting the Lewis acidity of the metal centre.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Weiying He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Junming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Yini Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang J, Zuo Y, Hu C, Su Z. Theoretical and experimental studies on the structure–property relationship of chiral N,N′-dioxide–metal catalysts probed by the carbonyl–ene reaction of isatin. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy00322f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Variation of the linkage or chiral backbone of an N,N′-dioxide ligand adjusts the blocking effect of ortho-iPr on the reaction site, affecting the enantiodifferentiation of two competing pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Yini Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhao HW, Zhao YD, Liu YY, Zhao LJ, Song XQ, Chen XQ, Pang HL, Du J, Feng NN. 1,3-Dipolar [3 + 3] cycloaddition of α-halohydroxamate-based azaoxyallyl cations with hydrazonoyl chloride-derived nitrile imines. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09766b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Promoted by Et3N, the 1,3-dipolar [3 + 3] cycloaddition of α-halohydroxamate-based azaoxyallylcations with hydrazonoyl chloride-derived nitrile imines occurred efficiently, and furnished desired products in acceptable chemical yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wu Zhao
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Yu-Di Zhao
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Yue-Yang Liu
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Jiao Zhao
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Qing Song
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qin Chen
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-Liang Pang
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Du
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Ning-Ning Feng
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|