1
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Ohki H, Kinoshita H, Miura K. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of 3,6-Diaryl-1-silylfulvenes: A Promising Entry for Preparing 1,3,6-Triarylfulvenes Bearing Three Different Aryl Groups. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 36809002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
We developed a synthetic methodology for preparing (E)-1,3,6-triarylfulvenes bearing three different aryl groups. The reaction of 1,4-diaryl-1-bromo-1,3-butadienes with silylacetylenes in the presence of a palladium catalyst produced (E)-3,6-diaryl-1-silyl-fulvenes in good to excellent yields. The (isopropoxy)silylated fulvenes thus obtained were converted to (E)-1,3,6-triarylfulvenes bearing different types of aryl substituents. (E)-3,6-Diaryl-1-silyl-fulvenes are promising templates for the synthesis of diverse (E)-1,3,6-triarylfulvenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Ohki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kinoshita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Katsukiyo Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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2
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Jenek NA, Balschun M, Boyt SM, Hintermair U. Connect Four: Tetraarylated Dihydropentalenes and Triarylated Monocyclic Pentafulvenes from Cyclopentadienes and Enones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13790-13802. [PMID: 36196644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In search of novel pentalenide ligands for use in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis, we report the scope of a straightforward base-promoted Michael annulation of cyclopentadienes with α,β-unsaturated ketones that allows the introduction of symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical aryl and alkyl substitution patterns including electron-donating as well as electron-withdrawing substituents. More than 16 examples of various isomers of 1,3,4,6-tetraarylated dihydropentalenes have been synthesized in isolated yields of up to 78%, representing a substantial expansion of the range of dihydropentalene scaffolds known to date. Double bond isomerization between the two pentacyclic rings in 1,2-dihydropentalenes with electronically different substituents occurred depending on the polarization of the molecule. The melting points of the air-stable dihydropentalenes decrease, and their solubilities in organic solvents improve with increasing substitution and decreasing symmetry of the molecule. A competitive pseudo-retro-aldol pathway produces 1,3,6-triarylated monocyclic pentafulvenes as side products in yields of 9-68%, which can be cleanly isolated (8 new examples) and used for other synthetic purposes, including separate cyclization to other dihydropentalenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko A Jenek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Marek Balschun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Stuart M Boyt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.,Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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3
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Tatemura R, Yasutake M, Kinoshita H, Miura K. Electrochemical Properties and Electrochromism of 6-Aryl-1,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)fulvenes and Their Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 87:172-183. [PMID: 34913709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have disclosed intriguing electrochromic properties of 6-aryl-1,3-bissilylfulvenes. The electrolyte solutions (0.1 M n-Bu4NClO4 in acetonitrile or dichloromethane) of some 6-aryl-1,3-bissilylfulvenes showed notable color changes when superimposed negative voltages were applied to the solutions. Investigation of the substituents at position 6 revealed that the solution of 1,3-bissilyl-6-anthracenylfulvene exhibited chromic changes under both applied superimposed negative and positive voltages and exhibited a three-color electrochromism. Electrochromic properties of 1,6-diarylfulvenes derived from 6-aryl-1,3-bissilylfulvenes were also investigated. The aryl group at position 1 also contributed to the electrochromism of fulvenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tatemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mikio Yasutake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kinoshita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Katsukiyo Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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4
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Hoshi K, Yasuda M, Nakamura T, Yoshida Y, Ueta S, Minagawa K, Kawamura Y, Imada Y, Yagishita F. Unexpected formation of poly-functionalized fulvenes by the reaction of a tetraaryl[5]cumulene with iodine. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7594-7597. [PMID: 34524325 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01270c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Longer cumulenes have come to draw considerable attention due to their unique properties and reactivities, leading to various hydrocarbons. In this manuscript, we describe the reaction of tetrakis(p-methoxyphenyl)[5]cumulene with iodine to afford poly-functionalized fulvenes via unexpected migration of a terminal aryl ring under ambient conditions. The obtained iodinated fulvenes were utilized in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions affording penta- and fully-arylated fulvenes successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Hoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Masashi Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Takumi Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Shoko Ueta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Keiji Minagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Kawamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Fumitoshi Yagishita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan. .,Department of Post-LED Photonics Research, Institute of Post-LED Photonics, 2-1 Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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5
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Fuhrer TJ, Snelgrove J, Corley CA, Iacono ST. Density Functional Theory Investigation of Fulvene-Derivatized Fullerenes as Candidates for Organic Solar Cells. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10324-10329. [PMID: 33228357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interest within the scientific community in organic solar cells has been on the rise over the last two decades as researchers respond to increasing demands for alternative renewable energy sources. Fulvene, fullerene, and endohedral metallofullerene derivatives have individually shown great promise as efficient charge transfer agents. Despite the heavy demand for research in this area, there have been no studies reported to date that explore the electronic behavior of molecules containing both fullerene and fulvene groups. The lack of interest may be attributed to inherent limitations and inaccuracy in most density functional theory (DFT) band gap calculations for large molecules. Herein we present a systematic computational investigation of the band gaps and dipole moments of several test fullerene-fulvene molecules using a novel DFT method that has been modified to allow accurate computation of the band gaps of this class of molecules. Calculated results showed promising low band gap energies and attractive conductive properties for all fullerene-fulvene derivatives. This new DFT method can conceivably be an invaluable tool that can provide predictive insight into the suitability of similar high molecular weight materials for application in organic solar cell devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Fuhrer
- Department of Chemistry, Radford University, Radford, Virginia 24142, United States
| | - Jordan Snelgrove
- Department of Chemistry, Radford University, Radford, Virginia 24142, United States
| | - Cynthia A Corley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840, United States
| | - Scott T Iacono
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840, United States
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6
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Brown LC, Peloquin AJ, Godman NP, Balaich GJ, Iacono ST. Correlation of Structure with Crystalline to Amorphous Phase Transitions of 1,3,6-Substituted Fulvene-Derived Molecular Glasses. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11116-11123. [PMID: 32654484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An investigation into the crystalline to amorphous phase transitions of prepared 1,3,6-substituted pentafulvenes showed the expected reversible heated melt and cooling recrystallization in only a few examples. Systematic incorporation of bulky substituents at the 6-position of the fulvene ring led to the nonreversible thermal behavior, rendering phases that were locked into glassy, vitrified states. These molecular glasses produced physically translucent and amorphous features with glass transition temperatures in the range of 61-77 °C, comparable with high-strength plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate. Additionally, the melting point transitions and the resulting heat of fusion values were found to be directly influenced by the nature of the 6-position substituent. Single crystal X-ray crystallography showed that in some cases, fulvenes possessing fused aromatics exhibited a high degree of intermolecular π-π stacking. These results point to a class of molecular glass formers as host materials possessing tunable bulk properties for potentially new optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren C Brown
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840-5002, United States
| | - Andrew J Peloquin
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840-5002, United States
| | - Nicholas P Godman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Gary J Balaich
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840-5002, United States
| | - Scott T Iacono
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840-5002, United States
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7
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Brown LC, Iacono ST, Balaich GJ. Crystal structures of 6-cyclo-propyl-1,3-diphenylfulvene and 6-(2,3-di-meth-oxy-naphth-yl)-1,3-di-phenylfulvene. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION E-CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 76:896-899. [PMID: 32523759 PMCID: PMC7273991 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020006441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compounds, 6-cyclo-propyl-1,3-diphenylfulvene, C21H18, [systematic name: 5-(cyclo-propyl-methyl-idene)-1,3-di-phen-yl-cyclo-penta-1,3-diene], 1, and 6-(2,3-di-meth-oxy-naphth-yl)-1,3-diphenylfulvene, C30H24O2, {systematic name: 5-[(3,4-di-meth-oxy-naphthalen-2-yl)methyl-idene]-1,3-di-phenyl-cyclo-penta-1,3-di-ene}, 2, were prepared from 1,3-di-phenyl-cyclo-penta-diene, pyrrolidine, and the corresponding aldehydes in an ethano-lic solution. Each structure crystallizes with one mol-ecule per asymmetric unit and exhibits the alternating short and long bond lengths typical of fulvenes. A network of C-H⋯C ring inter-actions as well as C-H⋯O inter-actions is observed, resulting in the compact packing found in each structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren C Brown
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force, Academy, Colorado Springs, CO 80840, USA
| | - Scott T Iacono
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force, Academy, Colorado Springs, CO 80840, USA
| | - Gary J Balaich
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force, Academy, Colorado Springs, CO 80840, USA
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8
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Peloquin AJ, Smith MB, O’Connell BJ, Ghiassi KB, Balaich GJ, Iacono ST. Coordination complexes of chromium(0) with a series of 1,3-diphenyl-6-aryl-fulvenes. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2018; 74:1190-1194. [PMID: 30225097 PMCID: PMC6127717 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989018010794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structural properties of a series of chromium tricarbonyl 'piano-stool' complexes bearing substituted penta-fulvene ligands were studied. The complexes, tricarbon-yl(1,3,6-tri-phenyl-fulvene)chromium(0) benz-ene hemisolvate, [Cr(C24H18)(CO)3]·0.5C6H6 (I), tricarbon-yl[1,3-di-phen-yl-6-(3-vinyl-phen-yl)fulvene]chromium(0), [Cr(C26H20)(CO)3] (II), and tricarbon-yl[1,3-diphenyl-6-(pyren-1-yl)fulvene]chromium(0), [Cr(C34H22)(CO)3] (III), each have a distorted octa-hedral geometry, with the fulvene coordinated in a π-η2:π-η2:π-η2 fashion. Significant deviation of the exocyclic fulvene double bond from the cyclo-penta-diene plane accompanies coordination. Evidence of non-covalent π-π inter-actions was observed in both (I) and (III), with centroid-to-centroid distances ranging from 3.330 (8) to 3.494 (8) Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Peloquin
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO 80840, USA
| | - Madelyn B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO 80840, USA
| | - Bryce J. O’Connell
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO 80840, USA
| | - Kamran B. Ghiassi
- Aerospace Systems Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards AFB, CA 93524, USA
| | - Gary J. Balaich
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO 80840, USA
| | - Scott T. Iacono
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO 80840, USA
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9
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Schraff S, Sun Y, Pammer F. Fulvenyl-Functionalized Polyisocyanides: Cross-Conjugated Electrochromic Polymers with Variable Optical and Electrochemical Properties. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schraff
- Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yu Sun
- Technische
Universität
Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 54, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Frank Pammer
- Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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10
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Anjali BA, Suresh CH. Predicting reduction potentials of 1,3,6-triphenyl fulvenes using molecular electrostatic potential analysis of substituent effects. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:881-888. [PMID: 29322538 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The influence of mono- and multiple substituent effect on the reduction potential (E0 ) of 1,3,6-triphenyl fulvenes is investigated using B3LYP-SMD/6-311+G(d,p) level density functional theory. The molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) minimum at the fulvene π-system (Vmin ) and the change in MESP at any of the fulvene carbon atoms (ΔVC ) for both neutral and reduced forms are used as excellent measures of substituent effect from the para and meta positions of the 1,3 and 6-phenyl moieties. Substitution at 6-phenyl para position has led to significant change in E0 than any other positions. By applying the additivity rule of substituent effects, an equation in ΔVC is derived to predict E0 for multiply substituted fulvenes. Further, E0 is predicted for a set of 2000 hexa-substituted fulvene derivatives where the substituents and their positions in the system are chosen in a random way. The calculated E0 agreed very well with the experimental E0 reported by Godman et al. Predicting E0 solely by substituent effect offers a simple and powerful way to select suitable combinations of substituents on fulvene system for light harvesting applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Amutha Anjali
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695019, India
| | - Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695019, India
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11
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Li S, Liu B, Chen L, Li X, Cheng JP. N-Heterocyclic carbene promoted enantioselective desymmetrization reaction of diarylalkane-bisphenols. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo01083d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective NHC-catalyzed desymmetrization reaction of diarylalkane-bisphenols with aldehydes was reported under the guidance of linear free energy relationships (LFERs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoulei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- China
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12
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London AE, Huang L, Zhang BA, Oviedo MB, Tropp J, Yao W, Wu Z, Wong BM, Ng TN, Azoulay JD. Donor–acceptor polymers with tunable infrared photoresponse. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00241f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
NIR-SWIR photoresponsive donor–acceptor polymers enable the detection of infrared light when incorporated into bulk heterojunction photodiodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. London
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials
- The University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Lifeng Huang
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials
- The University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Benjamin A. Zhang
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials
- The University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - M. Belén Oviedo
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering Program
- University of California Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Joshua Tropp
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials
- The University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
| | - Weichuan Yao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- 9500 Gilman Drive
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Zhenghui Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- 9500 Gilman Drive
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Bryan M. Wong
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering Program
- University of California Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Tse Nga Ng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- 9500 Gilman Drive
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Jason D. Azoulay
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials
- The University of Southern Mississippi
- Hattiesburg
- USA
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