1
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Vuillermet F, Dahab MA, Abdelhamid D, Polat DE, Gill MA, Beauchemin AM. Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazinones Exploiting the Reactivity of Diazadiene and N-Isocyanate Intermediates. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2095-2102. [PMID: 36749643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1,2,4-Triazinones are useful compounds, but their synthesis can be challenging. Herein, we report a strategy to build 1,2,4-triazinones using α-bromohydrazones to access diazadienes and exploiting their ability to undergo facile substitution with nitrogen nucleophiles. The N-isocyanate intermediate formed in situ can then undergo cyclization to give the desired triazinones. This provides access to products with various substituents at the 4-position, and with suitable hydrazone precursors (R2 = Ph), the cascade reaction yields 1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-ones at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Vuillermet
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Mohammed A Dahab
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Dalia Abdelhamid
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Dilan E Polat
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Monica A Gill
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - André M Beauchemin
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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2
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Toda Y, Kooguchi A, Sukegawa K, Kikuchi A, Suga H. Ring-fused hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazines: synthesis, structure, and mechanistic studies on isolable rotational isomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:700-703. [PMID: 36537160 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06170h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We designed conformationally stable rotational isomers around the C(sp2)-C(sp3) axis at the C3-position of hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazines. Isolation of each rotamer by silica gel column chromatography was successfully achieved at room temperature. The proposed isomerization mechanism of the rotamers was supported by NMR kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Toda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1, Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Airi Kooguchi
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1, Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Kimiya Sukegawa
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1, Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kikuchi
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1, Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suga
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1, Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
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3
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Gagné-Monfette W, Vincent-Rocan JF, Lutes OC, O'Keefe GF, Jeanneret ADM, Blanger C, Ivanovich RA, Beauchemin AM. Investigation of Masked N-Acyl-N-isocyanates: Support for Oxadiazolones as Blocked N-Isocyanate Precursors. Chemistry 2021; 27:14051-14056. [PMID: 34406683 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to carbon-substituted isocyanates that are common building blocks, N-substituted isocyanates remain underdeveloped and reports on their N-acyl derivatives (i. e. amido-isocyanates) are exceedingly rare. Herein, amido-isocyanates were investigated in the context of syntheses of aza-tripeptide and hydantoins subunits starting from simple bench-stable precursors. A key finding is that the amido-isocyanate formed in situ cyclized to yield an oxadiazolone, and that under suitable reaction conditions this heterocycle is a traceless blocked (masked) N-isocyanate. Using organic bases as catalysts and upon heating, oxadiazolone formation is observed, and various nucleophiles to provide the desired aza-dipeptides or hydantoins in moderate to high yields. Further support for an amido-isocyanate intermediate was obtained using carboxylic acids as nucleophiles, affording N-acylhydrazide products.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gagné-Monfette
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jean-François Vincent-Rocan
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Owen C Lutes
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Geneviève F O'Keefe
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alexandria D M Jeanneret
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Claire Blanger
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ryan A Ivanovich
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - André M Beauchemin
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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4
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Eissa IH, Dahab MA, Ibrahim MK, Alsaif NA, Alanazi AZ, Eissa SI, Mehany ABM, Beauchemin AM. Design and discovery of new antiproliferative 1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-ones as tubulin polymerization inhibitors targeting colchicine binding site. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104965. [PMID: 34020238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-five new colchicine binding site inhibitors have been designed and synthesized based on the 1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one nucleus. Such molecules were synthesized through a cascade reaction between readily accessible α-amino ketones and phenyl carbazate as a masked N-isocyanate precursor. The synthesized derivatives are cisoid restricted combretastatin A4 analogues containing 1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one in place of the olefinic bond, and they have the same essential pharmacophoric features of colchicine binding site inhibitors. The synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antiproliferative activities against a panel of three human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HepG-2, and HCT-116), using colchicine as a positive control. Among them, two compounds 5i and 6i demonstrated a significant antiproliferative effect against all cell lines with IC50 ranging from 8.2 - 18.2 µM. Further investigation was carried out for the most active cytotoxic agents as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Compounds 5i and 6i effectively inhibited microtubule assembly with IC50 values ranging from 3.9 to 7.8 µM. Tubulin polymerization assay results were found to be comparable with the cytotoxicity results. The cell cycle analysis revealed significant G2/M cell cycle arrest of the analogue 5i in HepG-2 cells. The most active compounds 4i, 4j, 5 g, 5i and 6i did not induce significant cell death in normal human lung cells Wl-38, suggesting their selectivity against cancer cells. Also, These compounds upregulated the level of active caspase-3 and boosted the levels of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax by five to seven folds in comparison to the control. Moreover, apoptosis analyses were conducted for compound 5i to evaluate its apoptotic potential. Finally, in silico studies were conducted to reveal the probable interaction with the colchicine binding site. ADME prediction study of the designed compounds showed that they are not only with promising tubulin polymerization inhibitory activity but also with favorable pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim H Eissa
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed A Dahab
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt; Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N6N5, Canada.
| | - Mohamed K Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Nawaf A Alsaif
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Z Alanazi
- Department of pharmacology and toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sally I Eissa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah, Riyadh, 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed B M Mehany
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - André M Beauchemin
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario K1N6N5, Canada
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5
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Bian XW, Zhang L, Shoberu A, Zou JP. Mn(III)-mediated phosphinoylation of aldehyde hydrazones: Direct “one-pot” synthesis of α-iminophosphine oxides from aldehydes. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Yang SS, Ren YZ, Guo YY, Du GF, Cai ZH, He L. Organocatalytic aminocarbonylation of α,β-unsaturated ketones with N, N-dimethyl carbamoylsilane. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00782c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Schwesinger's superbase can efficiently activate the Si–CONMe2 bond and initiate the aminocarbonylation of α,β-unsaturated ketones and N,N-dimethyl carbamoylsilane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Shan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shihezi University
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Zheng Ren
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shihezi University
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yu Guo
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shihezi University
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Fen Du
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shihezi University
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hua Cai
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shihezi University
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shihezi University
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- People's Republic of China
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7
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Allen MA, Ivanovich RA, Beauchemin AM. O-Isocyanates as Uncharged 1,3-Dipole Equivalents in [3+2] Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23188-23197. [PMID: 32767511 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Dipoles are commonly used in [3+2] cycloadditions, whereas isoelectronic uncharged dipole variants remain underdeveloped. In contrast to conventional 1,3-dipoles, uncharged dipole equivalents form zwitterionic cycloadducts, which can be exploited to build further molecular complexity. In this work, the first cycloadditions of oxygen-substituted isocyanates (O-isocyanates) were studied experimentally and by DFT calculations. This unique cycloaddition strategy provides access to a novel class of heterocycle aza-oxonium ylides through intramolecular and intermolecular cycloadditions with alkenes. This allowed a systematic study of the reactivity of the transient aza-oxonium ylide intermediate, which can undergo N-O bond cleavage followed by nitrene C-H insertion, and the formation of β-lactams or isoxazolidinones upon varying the structure of the alkene or O-isocyanate reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Allen
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ryan A Ivanovich
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - André M Beauchemin
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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8
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Allen MA, Ivanovich RA, Beauchemin AM. O
‐Isocyanates as Uncharged 1,3‐Dipole Equivalents in [3+2] Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A. Allen
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences University of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Ryan A. Ivanovich
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences University of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - André M. Beauchemin
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences University of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Pvt Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
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9
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10
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Ivanovich RA, Quartus JAM, Das Neves N, Loiseau F, Raymond M, Beauchemin AM. Aminimide Synthesis Using Concerted Amination Reactions of Alkenes: Scope and Mechanistic Information. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9792-9800. [PMID: 31290665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aminimides are key intermediates in the thermal cycloadditions of suitable alkenyl-hydrazine derivatives. Substrate modifications (β-N,N-dialkyl) allowed the isolation of these reactive intermediates, and the analysis of their stereochemistry provided support for concerted (Cope-type) hydroamination and concerted [3 + 2] aminocarbonylation reaction pathways. This work also establishes the applicability of these approaches to form complex aminimides in moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Ivanovich
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Jasper A M Quartus
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Nicolas Das Neves
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Francis Loiseau
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Michaël Raymond
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - André M Beauchemin
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
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11
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Cao L, Wang C, Wipf P. Grob-Type Fragmentation Releases Paracyclophane Ring Strain in a Late-Stage Precursor of Haouamine A. Org Lett 2019; 21:1538-1541. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Chenbo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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12
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Wang Q, An J, Alper H, Xiao WJ, Beauchemin AM. Catalytic substitution/cyclization sequences of O-substituted Isocyanates: synthesis of 1-alkoxybenzimidazolones and 1-alkoxy-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2(1H)-ones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:13055-13058. [PMID: 29165447 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07926e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
O-Substituted isocyanates (O-isocyanates) have rarely been used in organic synthesis, given their tendency to undergo side reactions (e.g., trimerization). Herein, we show that masked (blocked) O-isocyanate precursors allow one-pot or cascade reaction sequences featuring base-catalyzed substitution with 2-iodoanilines and 2-iodobenzylamines followed by copper-catalyzed cyclization, to form benzimidazolones and 3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2(1H)-ones. This work shows that O-isocyanates can serve as efficient building blocks for the synthesis of hydroxylamine-containing heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
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13
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Yu C, Shen S, Jiang L, Li J, Lu Y, Li T, Yao C. NHC-catalyzed regiodivergent syntheses of difunctionalized 3-pyrazolidinones from α-bromoenal and monosubstituted hydrazine. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:9149-9155. [PMID: 29058746 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02041d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A formal [3 + 2] annulation of α-bromoenal with monosubstituted hydrazine could give 1,5 or 2,5-difunctionalized 3-pyrazolidinone regiodivergently by tuning the structure of the N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) catalyst. Moderate to high yields, mild reaction conditions, good regioselectivity and potential biological significance of the final product have made this protocol attractive for the assembly of 3-pyrazolidinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China.
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14
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Elkaeed EB, An J, Beauchemin AM. Synthesis of Indazolones via Friedel–Crafts Cyclization of Blocked (Masked) N-Isocyanates. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9890-9897. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eslam B. Elkaeed
- Centre
for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Jing An
- Centre
for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - André M. Beauchemin
- Centre
for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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