1
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Sahoo DK, Dasgupta S, Kistwal T, Datta A. Fluorescence monitoring of binding of a Zn (II) complex of a Schiff base with human serum albumin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:1515-1522. [PMID: 36442551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Zn (II) complexes of Schiff bases have potential applications in biomedical sciences as imaging agents, cancer therapeutics and diagnostics. Thus, it is important to understand their interaction with carrier proteins, like serum albumins. The present paper focuses on the binding interactions between Human serum albumin (HSA) and Znsalampy, making use of fluorescence spectroscopic techniques at ensemble as well as at single molecular level. An idea about the binding constant is obtained from the quenching of the single Trp (Tryptophan) residue of HSA by Znsalampy. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has also been used to monitor the protein-ligand binding. The location of Znsalampy in its complex with HSA is determined by competitive binding experiments and molecular docking calculations. The binding constant obtained from the Znsalampy-HSA interaction falls in the ideal range for biological applications and the location is found to be in the proximity of Sudlow's site I. The esterase activity of HSA is retained in the presence of the Znsalampy. Hence, it is concluded that this Znsalampy may be a potential probe and biomarker in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Souradip Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Tanuja Kistwal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Anindya Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India.
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2
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He T, Hu X, Liu S. A High-Affinity and Removable Iminium Dication Guest for Recycling of Cucurbit[7]uril Materials. Org Lett 2023; 25:246-250. [PMID: 36576805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An iminium dication 1 was designed as a high-affinity and easily removable guest for cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]). X-ray crystallographic analysis shows that maximized N+···O═C ion-dipole interactions and perfect packing coefficient are responsible for the high affinity of 1 for CB[7] (Ka > 1011 M-1). Under alkaline conditions, included 1 in CB[7]·1 is hydrolyzed into 2,6-adamantanedione and pyrrolidine that can be fully removed by further extraction, enabling the recycling of CB[7] materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianci He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Xianchen Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Simin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
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3
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Droguett K, Quintero GE, Santos JG, Aliaga ME. Advancement in supramolecular control of organic reactivity induced by cucurbit[n]urils. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-022-01172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Pyrrole/macrocycle/MOF supramolecular co-assembly for flexible solid state supercapacitors. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Alcázar J, Geue N, Valladares V, Cañete A, Pérez EG, García-Río L, Santos JG, Aliaga ME. Supramolecular Control of Reactivity toward Hydrolysis of 7-Diethylaminocoumarin Schiff Bases by Cucurbit[7]uril Encapsulation. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10333-10342. [PMID: 34056186 PMCID: PMC8153742 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of aromatic Schiff bases, featuring 7-diethylamino-coumarin and with five different substituents at an adjacent phenyl ring, were synthesized and characterized. With the aim of assessing the stability of these dyes in acidic medium, their hydrolysis reactions were kinetically studied in the absence and presence of the macrocycle cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]). Our results are consistent with a model containing three different forms of substrates (un-, mono-, and diprotonated) and three parallel reaction pathways. The pK a values and the rate constants were estimated and discussed in terms of the presence of a hydroxyl group at the ortho position and electron-releasing groups on the phenyl ring of the dyes. The kinetic study in the presence of CB[7] led to two different behaviors. Promotion of the reaction by CB[7] was observed for the hydrolysis of the Schiff bases containing only one coordination site toward the macrocycle. Conversely, an inhibitor effect was observed for the hydrolysis of a Schiff base with two coordination sites toward CB[7]. The latter effect could be explained with a model as a function of a prototropic tautomeric equilibrium and the formation of a 2:1 host/guest complex, which prevents the attack of water. Therefore, the kinetic results demonstrated a supramolecular control of the macrocycle toward the reactivity and stability of 7-diethylaminocoumarin Schiff bases in acidic medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson
J. Alcázar
- Facultad
de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia
Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6094411, Chile
| | - Niklas Geue
- Department
of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Verónica Valladares
- Facultad
de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia
Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6094411, Chile
| | - Alvaro Cañete
- Instituto
de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad
Autónoma de Chile, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 425, Santiago 2520000, Chile
| | - Edwin G. Pérez
- Facultad
de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia
Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6094411, Chile
| | - Luis García-Río
- Departamento
de Química Física, Centro de Investigación en
Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago, 15782 Santiago, Spain
| | - José G. Santos
- Facultad
de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia
Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6094411, Chile
| | - Margarita E. Aliaga
- Facultad
de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia
Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 6094411, Chile
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6
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Tang B, Zhao J, Xu J, Zhang X. Cucurbit[
n
]urils for Supramolecular Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:15446-15460. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Jiantao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Jiang‐Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
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7
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8
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Rad N, Danylyuk O, Sashuk V. Reversing Chemoselectivity: Simultaneous Positive and Negative Catalysis by Chemically Equivalent Rims of a Cucurbit[7]uril Host. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazar Rad
- Institute of Physical ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Oksana Danylyuk
- Institute of Physical ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Volodymyr Sashuk
- Institute of Physical ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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9
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Rad N, Danylyuk O, Sashuk V. Reversing Chemoselectivity: Simultaneous Positive and Negative Catalysis by Chemically Equivalent Rims of a Cucurbit[7]uril Host. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11340-11343. [PMID: 31206979 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme catalysis has always been an inspiration and an unattainable goal for chemists due to features such as high specificity, selectivity, and efficiency. Here, we disclose a feature neither common in enzymes nor ever described for enzyme mimics, but one that could prove crucial for the catalytic performance of the latter, namely the ability to catalyze and inhibit two different reactions at the same time. Remarkably, this can be realized by two identical, spatially resolved catalytic sites. In the future, such a synchronized catalyst action could be used not only for controlling chemoselectivity, as in the present case, but also for regulating other types of chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazar Rad
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oksana Danylyuk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Volodymyr Sashuk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Oliveira OVD, Costa GDC, Costa LT. Encapsulation of the Sulfur Compounds by Cucurbit[7]uril: A Quantum Chemistry Study. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:12107-12113. [PMID: 30452266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b09419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiophene (BT) and dibenzothiophene (DT) are the most important contaminants in the petroleum derivatives responsible for serious environmental and health problems. Therefore, we have investigated the absorption of these compounds for the first time by considering cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) as the host molecule and using the theoretical levels of density functional theory//B3LYP-D3/6-31G(d). BT and DT absorbed into CB[7] do not undergo a significant structural change in the CB[7] structure. The energy gap of the S-compounds@CB[7] in water and hexane solvents was approximately 5 eV, and this large value implies that the complexes have high chemical stability. Moreover, the absorption of the BT and DT into CB[7] in the water and hexane solvents is a favorable process, whereas the lowest binding energy was observed between the dibenzothiophene and CB[7] in the DT@CB[7] complex. The solvation enthalpy shows a preferential solvation of the complexes in water than in hexane solvent. This trend is confirmed by the AIM analysis that shows the highest stability for the DT@CB[7] system with the contribution of cooperative hydrogen bonding. The transfer free energy of S-compounds@CB[7] complexes from hexane to water are -66.12 and -59.56 kcal/mol for BT@CB[7] and DT@CB[7], respectively, implying the spontaneous transference of these complexes from hexane to water solvent. Overall, our results show that the cucurbiturils can be a new class of host molecules to be used in the removal of S-compounds from petroleum derivatives. Finally, a schematic flow diagram of the desulfurization process by cucurbiturils was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmair Vital de Oliveira
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, campus Catanduva , CEP: 29106-010 , Catanduva, São Paulo 15808-305 , Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Carvalho Costa
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Outeiro de São João Batista , s/n CEP:24020-141 , Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210-000 , Brazil
| | - Luciano T Costa
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense - Outeiro de São João Batista , s/n CEP:24020-141 , Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210-000 , Brazil
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11
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Zhang L, Liu S, Wang Y, Zhang H, Liang F. Controllable Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Nanoparticles with Cucurbit[ n]urils ( n = 5⁻ 8). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E1015. [PMID: 30563230 PMCID: PMC6316165 DOI: 10.3390/nano8121015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was prepared in situ with different cucurbit[n]urils (CB[n]s) in an alkaline aqueous solution. The nanoparticle sizes can be well controlled by CB[n]s (n = 5, 6, 7, 8) with different ring sizes. The packing densities of CB[5⁻8] and free surface area on AuNPs were determined. A direct relationship was found between the ring size and packing density of CB[n]s with respect to the AuNP-catalyzed reduction of 4-nitrophenol in the presence of NaBH₄. The larger particle size and higher surface coverage of bigger CB[n]-capped AuNPs significantly decreased the catalytic activity. Furthermore, this work could lead to new applications that utilize AuNPs under an overlayer of CB[n]s for catalysis, sensing, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfeng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials Hubei Key Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Science in Metallurgical Process, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Simin Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials Hubei Key Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Science in Metallurgical Process, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Yuhua Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials Hubei Key Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Science in Metallurgical Process, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Haijun Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials Hubei Key Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Science in Metallurgical Process, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Feng Liang
- The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials Hubei Key Laboratory, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Science in Metallurgical Process, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
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12
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Yang B, Yu SB, Wang H, Zhang DW, Li ZT. 2:2 Complexes from Diphenylpyridiniums and Cucurbit[8]uril: Encapsulation-Promoted Dimerization of Electrostatically Repulsing Pyridiniums. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1312-1317. [PMID: 29480650 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rigid linear compounds G1 and G2, which contained two 4-phenylpyridinium (PhPy+ ) units, have been prepared to investigate their binding with cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). X-ray crystallographic structures revealed that in the solid state both compounds were included by CB[8], through antiparallel stacking, to form 2:2 quaternary complexes (G1)2 @(CB[8])2 and (G2)2 @(CB[8])2 . For the former complex, CB[8] entrapped G1 by holding two heterodimers of its Py+ and benzyl units, which were at opposite ends of the backbone. In contrast, for the first time, the second complex disclosed parallel stacking of two cationic Py+ units of G2 in the cavity of CB[8] in the solid state, despite the generation of important electrostatic repulsion. Isothermal titrations in water afforded high apparent association constants of 4.36×106 and 6.43×106 m-1 for 1:1 complexes G1@CB[8] and G2@CB[8], respectively, and 1 H NMR spectroscopy experiments in D2 O confirmed a similar stacking pattern to that observed in the solid state. A previous study and crystal structures of the 2:1 complexes formed between three new controls, G3-5, and CB[8] did not display such unusual stacking of the cationic Py+ unit; this may be attributed to the multivalency of the two CB[8] encapsulation interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of, Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Shanghai Key, Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Shang-Bo Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of, Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Shanghai Key, Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of, Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Shanghai Key, Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of, Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Shanghai Key, Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of, Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Shanghai Key, Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Masson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ohio University Athens, Ohio 45701 USA
| | - Mersad Raeisi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ohio University Athens, Ohio 45701 USA
| | - Kondalarao Kotturi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ohio University Athens, Ohio 45701 USA
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14
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Hou C, Zeng X, Gao Y, Qiao S, Zhang X, Xu J, Liu J. Cucurbituril As A Versatile Tool to Tune the Functions of Proteins. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxi Hou
- State Key laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry, and
| | - Xiangzhi Zeng
- College of Life Science; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Road Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yuzhou Gao
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; No.88, Keling Road Suzhou New District, Suzhou 215163 China
| | - Shanpeng Qiao
- State Key laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry, and
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry, and
| | - Jiayun Xu
- State Key laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry, and
| | - Junqiu Liu
- State Key laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry, and
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15
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Chakraborty D, Chattaraj PK. Confinement induced thermodynamic and kinetic facilitation of some Diels-Alder reactions inside a CB[7] cavitand. J Comput Chem 2017; 39:151-160. [PMID: 29094421 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of geometrical confinement on the Diels-Alder reactions between some model dienes viz. furan, thiophene, cyclopentadiene, benzene, and a classic dienophile, ethylene has been explored by performing density functional theory-based calculations. The effect of confinement has been imposed by a rigid macrocyclic molecule cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]). Results indicate that all the reactions become thermodynamically more favorable at 298.15 K temperature and one atmospheric pressure inside CB[7] as compared to the corresponding free gaseous state reactions. Moreover, the rate constants associated with the reactions experience manifold enhancement inside CB[7] as compared to the "unconfined" reactions. Suitable contribution from the entropy factor makes the concerned reactions more facile inside CB[7]. The energy gap between the frontier molecular orbitals of the dienes and dienophiles decrease inside CB[7] as compared to that in the free state reactions thereby allowing facile orbital interactions. The nature of interaction as well as bonding has been analyzed with the help of atoms-in-molecules, noncovalent interaction, natural bond orbital as well as energy decomposition analyses. Results suggest that all the guests bind with CB[7] in an attractive fashion. Primarily, noncovalent interactions stabilize the host-guest systems. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdutta Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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16
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Macartney DH. Cucurbit[n]uril Host-Guest Complexes of Acids, Photoacids, and Super Photoacids. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donal H. Macartney
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; 90 Bader Lane, Kingston ON Canada K7L3N6
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