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Ivanova E, Osipova M, Vasilieva T, Eremkin A, Markova S, Zazhivihina E, Smirnova S, Mitrasov Y, Nasakin O. The Recycling of Substandard Rocket Fuel N,N-Dimethylhydrazine via the Involvement of Its Hydrazones Derived from Glyoxal, Acrolein, Metacrolein, Crotonaldehyde, and Formaldehyde in Organic Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17196. [PMID: 38139025 PMCID: PMC10742919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
"Heptil" (unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine-UDMH) is extensively employed worldwide as a propellant for rocket engines. However, UDMH constantly loses its properties as a result of its continuous and uncontrolled absorption of moisture, which cannot be rectified. This situation threatens its long-term usability. UDMH is an exceedingly toxic compound (Hazard Class 1), which complicates its transportation and disposal. Incineration is currently the only method used for its disposal, but this process generates oxidation by-products that are even more toxic than the original UDMH. A more benign approach involves its immediate reaction with a formalin solution to form 1,1-dimethyl-2-methylene hydrazone (MDH), which is significantly less toxic by an order of magnitude. MDH can then be polymerized under acidic conditions, and the resulting product can be burned, yielding substantial amounts of nitrogen oxides. This review seeks to shift the focus of MDH from incineration towards its application in the synthesis of relatively non-toxic and readily available analogs of various pharmaceutical substances. We aim to bring the attention of the international chemical community to the distinctive properties of MDH, as well as other hydrazones (such as glyoxal, acrolein, crotonal, and meta-crolyl), wherein each structural fragment can initiate unique transformations that have potential applications in molecular design, pharmaceutical research, and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Ivanova
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Ulyanov Chuvash State University, Moskovsky Prospect, 15, 428015 Cheboksary, Russia; (E.I.); (M.O.); (T.V.); (A.E.); (S.M.); (E.Z.); (S.S.)
| | - Margarita Osipova
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Ulyanov Chuvash State University, Moskovsky Prospect, 15, 428015 Cheboksary, Russia; (E.I.); (M.O.); (T.V.); (A.E.); (S.M.); (E.Z.); (S.S.)
| | - Tatyana Vasilieva
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Ulyanov Chuvash State University, Moskovsky Prospect, 15, 428015 Cheboksary, Russia; (E.I.); (M.O.); (T.V.); (A.E.); (S.M.); (E.Z.); (S.S.)
| | - Alexey Eremkin
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Ulyanov Chuvash State University, Moskovsky Prospect, 15, 428015 Cheboksary, Russia; (E.I.); (M.O.); (T.V.); (A.E.); (S.M.); (E.Z.); (S.S.)
| | - Svetlana Markova
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Ulyanov Chuvash State University, Moskovsky Prospect, 15, 428015 Cheboksary, Russia; (E.I.); (M.O.); (T.V.); (A.E.); (S.M.); (E.Z.); (S.S.)
| | - Ekaterina Zazhivihina
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Ulyanov Chuvash State University, Moskovsky Prospect, 15, 428015 Cheboksary, Russia; (E.I.); (M.O.); (T.V.); (A.E.); (S.M.); (E.Z.); (S.S.)
| | - Svetlana Smirnova
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Ulyanov Chuvash State University, Moskovsky Prospect, 15, 428015 Cheboksary, Russia; (E.I.); (M.O.); (T.V.); (A.E.); (S.M.); (E.Z.); (S.S.)
| | - Yurii Mitrasov
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Yakovlev Chuvash State Pedagogical University, K. Marx Street, 38, 428000 Cheboksary, Russia;
| | - Oleg Nasakin
- Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Ulyanov Chuvash State University, Moskovsky Prospect, 15, 428015 Cheboksary, Russia; (E.I.); (M.O.); (T.V.); (A.E.); (S.M.); (E.Z.); (S.S.)
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2
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Prakash M, Halder S, Guin S, Samanta S. Swapping Copper-Catalytic Process: Selective Access to Pyrazoles and Conjugated Ketimines from Oxime Acetates and Cyclic Sulfamidate Imines. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201114. [PMID: 36583485 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A powerful CuCl-catalyzed sequential one-pot reaction of aryl methyl ketoxime acetates with cyclic N-sulfonyl imines followed by elimination in the presence of base is reported. This hydrazine-free method conveniently makes C-C and N-N bonds via a radical cleavage of the N-O bond, delivering a special class of C3-hydroxyarylated pyrazoles in good yields. Surprisingly, while employing CuI as a catalyst instead of CuCl, the reaction proceeds through a non-radical pathway which embodies a new tactic for the high-yielding access to value-added conjugated N-unsubstituted ketimines. Moreover, additive-free approach to sulfamidate-fused-pyrazoles was achieved by successfully catalyzing addition and oxidative N-N bond-making reactions by CuI and CuCl, respectively. Significantly, our novel technique could convert the prepared ketimines into the pharmacologically recognized 6H-benzo[c]chromene frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meher Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Sajal Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Soumitra Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Sampak Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
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3
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Lv Y, Meng J, Li C, Wang X, Ye Y, Sun K. Update on the Synthesis of N‐Heterocycles via Cyclization of Hydrazones (2017–2021). Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anyang Normal University Anyang 4550008 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Meng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Ye
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
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4
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Pyrazole Scaffold Synthesis, Functionalization, and Applications in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease Treatment (2011-2020). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051202. [PMID: 33668128 PMCID: PMC7956461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable prevalence of pyrazole scaffolds in a versatile array of bioactive molecules ranging from apixaban, an anticoagulant used to treat and prevent blood clots and stroke, to bixafen, a pyrazole-carboxamide fungicide used to control diseases of rapeseed and cereal plants, has encouraged both medicinal and organic chemists to explore new methods in developing pyrazole-containing compounds for different applications. Although numerous synthetic strategies have been developed in the last 10 years, there has not been a comprehensive overview of synthesis and the implication of recent advances for treating neurodegenerative disease. This review first presents the advances in pyrazole scaffold synthesis and their functionalization that have been published during the last decade (2011-2020). We then narrow the focus to the application of these strategies in the development of therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases, particularly for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).
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5
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Roslan II, Zhang H, Ng K, Jaenicke S, Chuah G. A Visible Light and Iron‐mediated Carbocationic Route to Polysubstituted 1‐Halonaphthalenes by Benzannulation using Allylbenzenes and Polyhalomethanes. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irwan Iskandar Roslan
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Fax
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Fax
| | - Kian‐Hong Ng
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Fax
| | - Stephan Jaenicke
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Fax
| | - Gaik‐Khuan Chuah
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Fax
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel K. Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Chemistry Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska 64, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
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7
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Motornov VA, Tabolin AA, Nelyubina YV, Nenajdenko VG, Ioffe SL. Acid‐Mediated Three Component Assembly of 4‐Fluoropyrazoles from α‐Fluoronitroalkenes, Hydrazines, and Aldehydes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Motornov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russia
- Higher Chemical College D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya sq. 9 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Andrey A. Tabolin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Yulia V. Nelyubina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciencesm Vavilov str. 28 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Valentine G. Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory 1 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Sema L. Ioffe
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russia
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8
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Prieto A, Bouyssi D, Monteiro N. Radical-Mediated Formal C(sp2
)-H Functionalization of Aldehyde-Derived N
,N
-Dialkylhydrazones. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Prieto
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Didier Bouyssi
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Nuno Monteiro
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; 69622 Villeurbanne France
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9
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Levchenko V, Dmytriv YV, Tymtsunik AV, Liubchak K, Rudnichenko A, Melnyk AV, Veselovych SY, Borodulin YV, Otsalyuk OM, Tolmachev AA, Mykhailiuk PK. Preparation of 5-Fluoropyrazoles from Pyrazoles and N-Fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI). J Org Chem 2018; 83:3265-3274. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitalina Levchenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine (www.enamine.net;
www.mykhailiukchem.org)
| | - Yurii V. Dmytriv
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine (www.enamine.net;
www.mykhailiukchem.org)
- Department of Chemical Technology, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Prosp. Peremohy 37, Kyiv 03056, Ukraine
| | - Andriy V. Tymtsunik
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine (www.enamine.net;
www.mykhailiukchem.org)
- Department of Chemical Technology, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Prosp. Peremohy 37, Kyiv 03056, Ukraine
| | - Konstantin Liubchak
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine (www.enamine.net;
www.mykhailiukchem.org)
| | - Alexander Rudnichenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine (www.enamine.net;
www.mykhailiukchem.org)
- Department of Chemistry, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska 64, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
| | - Anton V. Melnyk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine (www.enamine.net;
www.mykhailiukchem.org)
| | - Stanislav Y. Veselovych
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine (www.enamine.net;
www.mykhailiukchem.org)
| | - Yurii V. Borodulin
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine (www.enamine.net;
www.mykhailiukchem.org)
| | - Oleksandr M. Otsalyuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine (www.enamine.net;
www.mykhailiukchem.org)
| | - Andrei A. Tolmachev
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine (www.enamine.net;
www.mykhailiukchem.org)
- Department of Chemistry, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska 64, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
| | - Pavel K. Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine (www.enamine.net;
www.mykhailiukchem.org)
- Department of Chemistry, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska 64, Kyiv 01033, Ukraine
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10
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Xu P, Li W, Xie J, Zhu C. Exploration of C-H Transformations of Aldehyde Hydrazones: Radical Strategies and Beyond. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:484-495. [PMID: 29359909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of hydrazones has gained great momentum due to their involvement throughout the evolution of organic synthesis. Herein, we discuss the tremendous developments in both the methodology and application of hydrazones. Hydrazones can be recognized not only as synthetic equivalents to aldehydes and ketones but also as versatile synthetic building blocks. Consequently, they can participate in a range of practical synthetic transformations. Furthermore, hydrazone derivatives display a broad array of biological activities and have been widely applied as pharmaceuticals. Owing to the weak directing group effect of simple aldehydes and ketones in C-H bond functionalizations, the C-H bond functionalizations of hydrazones that have been developed in the past five years represent a significant step forward. These novel transformations open a new door to a broader library of functionalized and complex small molecules. Moreover, a wide range of biologically important N-heterocycles (dihydropyrazoles, pyrazoles, indazoles, cinnolines, etc.) can be efficiently synthesized in an atom- and step-economical manner through single, double, or triple C-H bond functionalizations of hydrazones. Both radical C-H functionalizations and transition-metal-catalyzed directing-group strategies have enhanced the synthetic utility of hydrazones in the chemical community because these strategies solve the long-standing challenge of C-H functionalizations adjacent to aldehydes and ketones. We began this study based on our ongoing interest in visible-light photoredox catalysis. Visible-light photoredox catalysis has become a powerful tool in contemporary synthetic chemistry due to its remarkable advantages in sustainability and use of radical chemistry. By exploiting a photoredox-catalyzed aminyl radical polar crossover (ARPC) strategy, we successfully achieved visible-light-induced C(sp2)-H difluoroalkylation, trifluoromethylation, and perfluoroalkylation of aldehyde-derived hydrazones. This intriguing result was later applied in the C(sp2)-H amination of hydrazones and a cascade cyclization reaction for the synthesis of polycyclic compounds. Encouraged by this redox-neutral C-H functionalization of aldehyde hydrazones, we extended the oxidative C-H/P-H cross-coupling method, which represents a novel and efficient method for the synthesis of α-iminophosphine oxides. Furthermore, an elegant [3 + 2] cycloaddition of azides and aldehyde hydrazones for the synthesis of functionalized tetrazoles was advantageously developed during our investigation of the oxidative C(sp2)-H azidation of aldehyde hydrazones with TMSN3. The sequential C(sp2)-H/C(sp3)-H bond functionalization of aldehyde-derived hydrazones with simple 2,2-dibromo-1,3-dicarbonyls was achieved by employing relay photoredox catalysis, and it provides a novel method of accessing bioactive fused dihydropyrazole derivatives. The notable feature of this approach was further reflected in the formal [4 + 1] annulation of aldehyde-derived N-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrazones with 2-bromo-1,3-dicarbonyls. To complement these radical C-H functionalization strategies, we recently applied a directing-group strategy in the Rh-catalyzed C(aldehyde)-H functionalization of aldehyde-derived hydrazones for the synthesis of distinctive and bioactive 1H-indazole scaffolds. In summary, this Account presents recent contributions to the exploration, development, mechanistic insights, and synthetic applications of C-H bond functionalizations of aldehyde hydrazones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Weipeng Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jin Xie
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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11
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Xu X, Zhang J, Xia H, Wu J. C(sp2)–H functionalization of aldehyde-derived hydrazones via a radical process. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:1227-1241. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00056e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on the recent advances in the C(sp2)–H functionalization of aldehyde-derived hydrazones via a radical process. Diverse substituted hydrazones including N-heterocycles are afforded under mild conditions with excellent selectivities. In general, an aminyl radical as the key intermediate is involved during the reaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Hongguang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
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12
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Prieto A, Uzel A, Bouyssi D, Monteiro N. Thiocyanation ofN,N-Dialkylhydrazonoyl Bromides: An Entry to Sulfur-Containing 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Prieto
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, CNRS UMR 5246); Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Alexandre Uzel
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, CNRS UMR 5246); Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Didier Bouyssi
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, CNRS UMR 5246); Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Nuno Monteiro
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, CNRS UMR 5246); Univ Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 69622 Villeurbanne France
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13
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Mitochondrial Dynamics: In Cell Reprogramming as It Is in Cancer. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:8073721. [PMID: 28484497 PMCID: PMC5412136 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8073721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into a pluripotent cellular state similar to that of embryonic stem cells. Given the significant physiological differences between the somatic and pluripotent cells, cell reprogramming is associated with a profound reorganization of the somatic phenotype at all levels. The remodeling of mitochondrial morphology is one of these dramatic changes that somatic cells have to undertake during cell reprogramming. Somatic cells transform their tubular and interconnected mitochondrial network to the fragmented and isolated organelles found in pluripotent stem cells early during cell reprogramming. Accordingly, mitochondrial fission, the process whereby the mitochondria divide, plays an important role in the cell reprogramming process. Here, we present an overview of the importance of mitochondrial fission in both cell reprogramming and cellular transformation.
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