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Zhong Z, Ma TK, White AJP, Bull JA. Synthesis of Pyrazolesulfoximines Using α-Diazosulfoximines with Alkynes. Org Lett 2024; 26:1178-1183. [PMID: 38306458 PMCID: PMC10877601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Sulfoximines and pyrazoles are both important motifs in medicinal compounds. Here we report the synthesis and reactivity of sulfoximine diazo compounds as new reagents for the incorporation of sulfoximines. The use of N-silyl sulfoximines enabled formation of monosubstituted diazo compounds. Their application is demonstrated in a [3 + 2] cycloaddition with alkynes to form pyrazole sulfoximines in a new combination of these important chemotypes. Further derivatization of the pyrazole sulfoximines is demonstrated, including silyl deprotection to form unprotected pyrazolesulfoximines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
| | - Tsz-Kan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
| | - James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research
Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
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2
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Do JY, Shin SB, Jeong SM, Jung MY. Ring-opening polymerization of cyclic 1,3-oxathiolane-2-thione promoted by neighboring sulfide group and ring contraction. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Green S, Wheelhouse KM, Payne AD, Hallett JP, Miller PW, Bull JA. Thermal Stability and Explosive Hazard Assessment of Diazo Compounds and Diazo Transfer Reagents. Org Process Res Dev 2020; 24:67-84. [PMID: 31983869 PMCID: PMC6972035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite their wide use in academia as metal-carbene precursors, diazo compounds are often avoided in industry owing to concerns over their instability, exothermic decomposition, and potential explosive behavior. The stability of sulfonyl azides and other diazo transfer reagents is relatively well understood, but there is little reliable data available for diazo compounds. This work first collates available sensitivity and thermal analysis data for diazo transfer reagents and diazo compounds to act as an accessible reference resource. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) data for the model donor/acceptor diazo compound ethyl (phenyl)diazoacetate are presented. We also present a rigorous DSC dataset with 43 other diazo compounds, enabling direct comparison to other energetic materials to provide a clear reference work to the academic and industrial chemistry communities. Interestingly, there is a wide range of onset temperatures (T onset) for this series of compounds, which varied between 75 and 160 °C. The thermal stability variation depends on the electronic effect of substituents and the amount of charge delocalization. A statistical model is demonstrated to predict the thermal stability of differently substituted phenyl diazoacetates. A maximum recommended process temperature (T D24) to avoid decomposition is estimated for selected diazo compounds. The average enthalpy of decomposition (ΔH D) for diazo compounds without other energetic functional groups is -102 kJ mol-1. Several diazo transfer reagents are analyzed using the same DSC protocol and found to have higher thermal stability, which is in general agreement with the reported values. For sulfonyl azide reagents, an average ΔH D of -201 kJ mol-1 is observed. High-quality thermal data from ARC experiments shows the initiation of decomposition for ethyl (phenyl)diazoacetate to be 60 °C, compared to that of 100 °C for the common diazo transfer reagent p-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl azide (p-ABSA). The Yoshida correlation is applied to DSC data for each diazo compound to provide an indication of both their impact sensitivity (IS) and explosivity. As a neat substance, none of the diazo compounds tested are predicted to be explosive, but many (particularly donor/acceptor diazo compounds) are predicted to be impact-sensitive. It is therefore recommended that manipulation, agitation, and other processing of neat diazo compounds are conducted with due care to avoid impacts, particularly in large quantities. The full dataset is presented to inform chemists of the nature and magnitude of hazards when using diazo compounds and diazo transfer reagents. Given the demonstrated potential for rapid heat generation and gas evolution, adequate temperature control and cautious addition of reagents that begin a reaction are strongly recommended when conducting reactions with diazo compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian
P. Green
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Katherine M. Wheelhouse
- API Chemistry, Product Development & Supply and Process Safety,
Pilot Plant Operations, GlaxoSmithKline,
GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Andrew D. Payne
- API Chemistry, Product Development & Supply and Process Safety,
Pilot Plant Operations, GlaxoSmithKline,
GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Jason P. Hallett
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Philip W. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - James A. Bull
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
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4
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McCaw PG, Khandavilli UBR, Lawrence SE, Maguire AR, Collins SG. Synthesis of 1,2,5-oxathiazole-S-oxides by 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrile oxides to α-oxo sulfines. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:622-638. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02691b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The generation of novel 1,2,5-oxathiazole-S-oxide cycloadducts from cycloaddition of nitrile oxide dipoles with α-oxo sulfines generated in situ from α-diazosulfoxides is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. McCaw
- School of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - U. B. Rao Khandavilli
- School of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Simon E. Lawrence
- School of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- School of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Stuart G. Collins
- School of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
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5
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Akwi FM, Watts P. Continuous flow chemistry: where are we now? Recent applications, challenges and limitations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13894-13928. [PMID: 30483683 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07427e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A general outlook of the changing face of chemical synthesis is provided in this article through recent applications of continuous flow processing in both industry and academia. The benefits, major challenges and limitations associated with the use of this mode of processing are also given due attention as an attempt to put into perspective the current position of continuous flow processing, either as an alternative or potential combinatory technology for batch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Akwi
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
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6
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Yoo C, Rackl D, Liu W, Hoyt CB, Pimentel B, Lively RP, Davies HML, Jones CW. An Immobilized‐Dirhodium Hollow‐Fiber Flow Reactor for Scalable and Sustainable C−H Functionalization in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Jae Yoo
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Daniel Rackl
- Department of Chemistry Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Caroline B. Hoyt
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Brian Pimentel
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Ryan P. Lively
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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7
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Yoo C, Rackl D, Liu W, Hoyt CB, Pimentel B, Lively RP, Davies HML, Jones CW. An Immobilized‐Dirhodium Hollow‐Fiber Flow Reactor for Scalable and Sustainable C−H Functionalization in Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10923-10927. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Jae Yoo
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Daniel Rackl
- Department of Chemistry Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Caroline B. Hoyt
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Brian Pimentel
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Ryan P. Lively
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry Emory University 1515 Dickey Drive Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department Georgia Institute of Technology 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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8
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Hock KJ, Koenigs RM. The Generation of Diazo Compounds in Continuous-Flow. Chemistry 2018; 24:10571-10583. [PMID: 29575129 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Toxic, cancerogenic and explosive-these attributes are typically associated with diazo compounds. Nonetheless, diazo compounds are nowadays a highly demanded class of reagents for organic synthesis, yet the concerns with regards to safe and scalable transformations of these compounds are still exceptionally high. Lately, the research area of the continuous-flow synthesis of diazo compounds attracted significant interest and a whole variety of protocols for their "on-demand" preparation have been realized to date. This concept article focuses on the recent developments using continuous-flow technologies to access diazo compounds; thus minimizing risks and hazards when working with this particular class of compounds. In this article we discuss these concepts and highlight different pre-requisites to access and to perform downstream functionalization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J Hock
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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9
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BURTOLOSO ANTONIOC, MOMO PATRÍCIAB, NOVAIS GRAZIELEL. Traditional and New methods for the Preparation of Diazocarbonyl Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:859-893. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Empel C, Hock KJ, Koenigs RM. Iron-catalysed carbene-transfer reactions of diazo acetonitrile. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:7129-7133. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01991f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the flow synthesis of hazardous diazo acetonitrile to enable X–H insertion reactions with a readily available iron catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Empel
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- D-52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Katharina J. Hock
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- D-52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- RWTH Aachen University
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- D-52074 Aachen
- Germany
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11
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Rackl D, Yoo CJ, Jones CW, Davies HML. Synthesis of Donor/Acceptor-Substituted Diazo Compounds in Flow and Their Application in Enantioselective Dirhodium-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation and C–H Functionalization. Org Lett 2017; 19:3055-3058. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rackl
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Chun-Jae Yoo
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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12
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Barrett MJ, Khan GF, Davies PW, Grainger RS. Alkynyl sulfoxides as α-sulfinyl carbene equivalents: gold-catalysed oxidative cyclopropanation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5733-5736. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02244a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gold catalysed oxidation of alkynyl sulfoxides provides access to a desirable α-sulfinyl metal carbene reactivity profile that is inaccessible using diazo chemistry.
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