1
|
Zlatić K, Popović M, Uzelac L, Kralj M, Basarić N. Antiproliferative activity of meso-substituted BODIPY photocages: Effect of electrophiles vs singlet oxygen. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115705. [PMID: 37544182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of BODIPY compounds with a methylphenol substituent at the meso-position and halogen atoms on the BODIPY core, or OCH3 or OAc substituents at the phenolic moiety was synthesized. Their spectral and photophysical properties and the photochemical reactivity upon irradiation in CH3OH were investigated. The molecules with the phenolic substituent at the meso-position undergo more efficient photo-methanolysis at the boron atom, while the introduction of the OCH3 group at the phenolic moiety changes the reaction selectivity towards the cleavage at the meso-position. The introduction of the halogen atoms into the BODIPY increases the photo-cleavage reaction efficiency, as well as the ability of the molecules to sensitize oxygen and form reactive oxygen species (ROS). The efficiency of the ROS formation was measured in comparison with that of tetraphenylporphyrin. The antiproliferative effect of BODIPY molecules was investigated against three human cancer cell lines MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), H460 (lung carcinoma), HCT116 (colon carcinoma), and two non-cancer cell lines, HEK293T (embryonic kindey) and HaCaT (keratinocytes), with the cells kept in the dark or irradiated with visible light. For most of the compounds a modest or no antiproliferative activity was observed for cells in the dark. However, when cells were irradiated, a dramatic increase in cytotoxicity was observed (more than 100-fold), with IC50 values in the submicromolar concentration range. The enhancement of the cytotoxic effect was explained by the formation of ROS, which was studied for cells in vitro. However, for some BODIPY compounds, the effects due to the formation of electrophilic species (carbocations and quinone methides, which react with biomolecules) cannot be disregarded. Confocal fluorescence microscopy images of H460 cells and HEK293T show that the compounds enter the cells and are retained in the cytoplasm and membranes of the various organelles. When the cells treated with the compounds are irradiated, photo-processes lead to cell death by apoptosis. The study performed is important because it provides bases for the development of novel photo-therapeutics capable of exerting photo-cytotoxic effects in both oxygenated and hypoxic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Zlatić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia; Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Matija Popović
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lidija Uzelac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lovrinčević V, Guo Y, Vuk D, Škorić I, Ma J, Basarić N. 3-Substituted 2-Aminonaphthalene Photocages for Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols; Decaging Mechanism and Potential Applications in Synthesis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15176-15188. [PMID: 37831436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxymethyl-2-aminonaphthalene photocage (photoremovable protecting group) 2 was synthesized and transformed to different ethers and esters to investigate the applicability to decage alcohols and carboxylic acids, respectively. The photoelimination of carboxylic acids takes place relatively efficiently (ΦR = 0.11) upon excitation with near-visible light, contrary to the elimination of alcohols. The scope of the decaging of both alcohols and esters was demonstrated on several examples, including aliphatic and aromatic substrates, carbohydrates, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The photophysical properties of the photocage and its models, methyl ether 4a and acetyl ester 5a, were investigated. The fluorescence quantum yields (Φf = 0.40-0.002) were found to be reversely proportional to the efficiency of elimination of OH, alcohols, or carboxylic acids. The decaging photochemical reaction mechanism was investigated experimentally by transient absorption techniques with time scales from femtoseconds to seconds and computationally on the TD-DFT level of theory. The photoelimination of carboxylates takes place directly in the singlet excited state by a homolytic cleavage producing a radical pair within 1 ns. The subsequent electron transfer gives rise to aminonaphthalene carbocation and the carboxylate. A wide scope of substrates that can be decaged relatively efficiently with near-visible light and the chromo-orthogonal compatibility of aminonaphthalene and aniline derivatives render these photocages potentially applicable in organic synthesis or biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Lovrinčević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Dragana Vuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Nikola Basarić
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun W, Wilding-Steele L, Brown RCD, Harrowven DC. Aryl-aryl cross-coupling reactions without reagents or catalysts: photocyclization of ortho-iodoaryl ethers and related compounds via triplet aryl cation intermediates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10797-10800. [PMID: 37594190 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03271j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Cyclisations of benzyl ortho-iodoaryl ethers to benzo[c]chromenes can be effected without reagents or catalysts by irradiation with UVC under flow. Reactions proceed via triplet aryl cation generation, 5-exo and 3-exo-cyclisations, and rearomatisation. They have wide scope, are easy to effect and extend to a myriad of related ring systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Luke Wilding-Steele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Richard C D Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - David C Harrowven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Le A, Gupta S, Xu M, Xia Y, Lee D. Development of an Allenyne-Alkyne [4+2] Cycloaddition and its Application to Total Synthesis of Selaginpulvilin A. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202015. [PMID: 35771213 PMCID: PMC9805236 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A new [4+2] cycloaddition of allenyne-alkyne is developed. The reaction is believed to proceed with forming an α,3-dehydrotoluene intermediate. This species behaves as a σπ-diradical to react with a hydrogen atom donor, whereas it displays a zwitterionic reactivity toward weak nucleophiles. The efficiency of trapping α,3-dehydrotoluene depends not only on its substituents but also the trapping agents. Notable features of the reaction are the activating role of the extra alkyne of the 1,3-diyne that reacts with the allenyne moiety and the opposite mode of trapping with oxygen and nitrogen nucleophiles. Oxygen nucleophiles result in the oxygen-end incorporation at the benzylic position of the α,3-dehydrotoluene, whereas with amine nucleophiles the nitrogen-end is incorporated into the aromatic core. Relying on the allenyne-alkyne cycloaddition as an enabling strategy, a concise total synthesis of phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitory selaginpulvilin A is realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Le
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois Chicago845 West Taylor Street60607ChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Saswata Gupta
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois Chicago845 West Taylor Street60607ChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Man Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou University325035WenzhouZhejiang ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Yuanzhi Xia
- College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou University325035WenzhouZhejiang ProvinceP. R. China
| | - Daesung Lee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois Chicago845 West Taylor Street60607ChicagoIllinoisUSA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nitu C, Crespi S. Computational study on the reduction and solvolysis of triplet chlorobenzenes. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nitu
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Di Terlizzi L, Protti S, Ravelli D, Fagnoni M. Diradicals Photogeneration from Chloroaryl‐Substituted Carboxylic Acids. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200313. [PMID: 35226781 PMCID: PMC9313617 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of generating new, thermally inaccessible diradicals, potentially able to induce a double‐strand DNA cleavage, the photochemistry of a set of chloroaryl‐substituted carboxylic acids in polar media was investigated. The photoheterolytic cleavage of the Ar−Cl bond occurred in each case to form the corresponding triplet phenyl cations. Under basic conditions, the photorelease of the chloride anion was accompanied by an intramolecular electron‐transfer from the carboxylate group to the aromatic radical cationic site to give a diradical species. This latter intermediate could then undergo CO2 loss in a structure‐dependent fashion, according to the stability of the resulting diradical, or abstract a hydrogen atom from the medium. In aqueous environment at physiological pH (pH=7.3), both a phenyl cation and a diradical chemistry was observed. The mechanistic scenario and the role of the various intermediates (aryl cations and diradicals) involved in the process was supported by computational analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen LabDepartment of ChemistryV. Le Taramelli 1027100PaviaItaly
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen LabDepartment of ChemistryV. Le Taramelli 1027100PaviaItaly
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen LabDepartment of ChemistryV. Le Taramelli 1027100PaviaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Di Terlizzi L, Roncari F, Crespi S, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Aryl-Cl vs heteroatom-Si bond cleavage on the route to the photochemical generation of σ,π-heterodiradicals. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 21:667-685. [PMID: 34775550 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of aryl chlorides having a X-SiMe3 group (X = O, NR, S, SiMe2) tethered to the aromatic ring has been investigated in detail, with the aim to generate valuable ϭ,π-heterodiradicals. Two competitive pathways arising from the excited triplet state of the aromatics have been observed, namely heterolysis of the aryl-chlorine bond and homolysis of the X-silicon bond. The former path is found in chlorinated phenols and anilines, whereas the latter is exclusive in the case of silylated thiophenols and aryl silanes. A combined experimental/computational approach was pursued to explain such a photochemical behavior.Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- Department of Chemistry, PhotoGreen Lab, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Roncari
- Department of Chemistry, PhotoGreen Lab, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Center for Systems Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Protti
- Department of Chemistry, PhotoGreen Lab, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- Department of Chemistry, PhotoGreen Lab, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang M, Ma H, Li B, Sun K, Lu H, Wang W, Cheng X, Li X, Ding Y, Hu A. Nucleophilic Addition to Diradicals Derived From Cycloaromatization of Maleimide‐Based Enediynes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Hailong Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Baojun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Ke Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Haotian Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Yun Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Aiguo Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wenthold PG, Winter AH. Nucleophilic Addition to Singlet Diradicals: Heterosymmetric Diradicals. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12397-12403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Wenthold
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Arthur H. Winter
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 52101, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Crespi S, Protti S, Ravelli D, Merli D, Fagnoni M. Sugar-Assisted Photogeneration of Didehydrotoluenes from Chlorobenzylphosphonic Acids. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12162-12172. [PMID: 29019237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of the three isomeric chlorobenzylphophonic acids in aqueous buffer led to a pH-dependent photochemistry. Under acidic conditions (pH = 2.5), photocleavage of the Ar-Cl bond occurred and a phenyl cation chemistry resulted. Under basic conditions (pH = 11), a photoinduced release of the chloride anion followed by the detachment of the metaphosphate anion gave α,n-didehydrotoluene diradicals (α,n-DHTs), potential DNA cleaving intermediates. At a physiological pH (pH = 7.2), both a cationic and a diradical reactivity took place depending on the phosphonic acid used. It is noteworthy that the complexation exerted by a monosaccharide (glucose or methylglucopyranoside) present in solution induced an exclusive formation of α,n-DHTs. The mechanistic scenario of the different photoreactivities occurring when changing the pH of the solution and the role of the various intermediates (phenyl cations, diradicals, etc.) in the process was studied by computational analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Crespi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia , Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia , Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia , Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Merli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia , Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia , Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|