1
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Yang C, Farmer LA, Pratt DA, Maldonado S, Stephenson CRJ. Revisiting the Reactivity of the Dismissed Hydrogen Atom Transfer Catalyst Succinimide- N-oxyl. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12511-12518. [PMID: 38669671 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Phthalimide-N-oxyl (PINO) and related radicals are promising catalysts for C-H functionalization reactions. To date, only a small number of N-oxyl derivatives have demonstrated improved activities over PINO. We postulate that the lack of success in identifying superior catalysts is associated not only with challenges in the design and synthesis of new structures, but also the way catalysts are evaluated and utilized. Catalyst evaluation typically relies on the use of chemical oxidants to generate N-oxyl radicals from their parent N-hydroxy compounds. Herein we provide an example where a potential-controlled electrochemical analysis reveals that succinimide-N-oxyl (SINO) compares favorably to PINO as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalyst-in contrast to previous claims based on other approaches. Our efforts to understand the basis for the greater reactivity of SINO relative to PINO have underscored that the HAT kinetics are significantly influenced by factors beyond changes in thermodynamics. This is perhaps best illustrated by the similar reactivity of tetrachloro-PINO and SINO despite the latter engaging in substantially more exergonic reactions. The key role of HAT transition state (TS) polarization prompted the design and initial characterization of a chlorinated SINO derivative, which we found to be the most reactive N-oxyl HAT catalyst reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Luke A Farmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephen Maldonado
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Program in Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R J Stephenson
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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2
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Tan HR, Zhou X, Gong T, You H, Zheng Q, Zhao SY, Xuan W. Anderson-type polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for selective oxidation of benzylic C-H bonds. RSC Adv 2024; 14:364-372. [PMID: 38173623 PMCID: PMC10759227 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07120k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative transformation of benzylic C-H bonds into functional carbonyl groups under mild conditions represents an efficient method for the synthesis of aromatic carboxylic acids and ketones. Here we report a high-efficiency catalyst system constructed from an Anderson-type polyoxometalate-based metal-Organic framework (POMOF-1) and N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) for selective oxidation of methylarenes and alkylarenes under 1 atm O2 atmosphere. POMOF-1 exerted a synergistic effect originating from the well-aligned Anderson {CrMo6} clusters and Cu centers within the framework, and this entailed good cooperation with NHPI to catalyze the selective oxidation. Accordingly, the reactions exhibit good tolerance and chemical selectivity for a wide range of substrates bearing diverse substituent groups, and the corresponding carboxylic acids and ketones were harvested in good yields under mild conditions. Mechanism study reveals that POMOF-1 worked synergistically with NPHI to activate the benzylic C-H bonds of substrates, which are sequentially oxidized by oxygen and HOO˙ to give rise to the products. This work may pave a way to design high-efficiency catalysts by integration of polyoxometalate-based materials with NPHI for challenging C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Tengfei Gong
- Jiaxing Jiayuan Inspection Technology Service Co., Ltd Building 2, No. 1403, Hongbo Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone Jiaxing City Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Hanqi You
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Qi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Yin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Weimin Xuan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
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3
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Holt E, Ruskin J, Garrison NG, Vemulapalli S, Lam W, Kiame N, Henriquez N, Borukhova F, Williams J, Dudding T, Lectka T. Photoactivated Pyridine Directed Fluorination through Hydrogen Atom Transfer. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38033293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
We have established hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) as the key player in a directed, photopromoted fluorination of pyridylic groups. The Lewis basic pyridyl nitrogen directs amine radical dication propagated HAT and Selectfluor fluorination of various ortho substituents in a highly regioselective manner with little to no side product formation. A variety of pyridines and quinolines were employed to showcase the directing capability of the nitrogen atom. Additionally, both experimental and computational data are provided that illuminate how this mechanism differs from and complements prior work in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Holt
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jonah Ruskin
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Nathaniel G Garrison
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Srini Vemulapalli
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S3A1, Canada
| | - Winson Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Neil Kiame
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Nicolas Henriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Fanny Borukhova
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jack Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Travis Dudding
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S3A1, Canada
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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4
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Wang M, Rowshanpour R, Guan L, Ruskin J, Nguyen PM, Wang Y, Zhang QA, Liu R, Ling B, Woltornist R, Stephens AM, Prasad A, Dudding T, Lectka T, Pitts CR. Competition between C-C and C-H Bond Fluorination: A Continuum of Electron Transfer and Hydrogen Atom Transfer Mechanisms. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22442-22455. [PMID: 37791901 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, we reported a photochemical method for directed C-C bond cleavage/radical fluorination of relatively unstrained cyclic acetals using Selectfluor and catalytic 9-fluorenone. Herein, we provide a detailed mechanistic study of this reaction, during which it was discovered that the key electron transfer step proceeds through substrate oxidation from a Selectfluor-derived N-centered radical intermediate (rather than through initially suspected photoinduced electron transfer). This finding led to proof of concept for two new methodologies, demonstrating that unstrained C-C bond fluorination can also be achieved under chemical and electrochemical conditions. Moreover, as C-C and C-H bond fluorination reactions are both theoretically possible on 2-aryl-cycloalkanone acetals and would involve the same reactive intermediate, we studied the competition between single-electron transfer (SET) and apparent hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) pathways in acetal fluorination reactions using density functional theory. Finally, these analyses were applied more broadly to other classes of C-H and C-C bond fluorination reactions developed over the past decade, addressing the feasibility of SET processes masquerading as HAT in C-H fluorination literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Rozhin Rowshanpour
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Liangyu Guan
- BayRay Innovation Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 51832, China
| | - Jonah Ruskin
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Phuong Minh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Yuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Qinze Arthur Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Bill Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Ryan Woltornist
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander M Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Aarush Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Travis Dudding
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Cody Ross Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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5
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Yang C, Arora S, Maldonado S, Pratt DA, Stephenson CRJ. The design of PINO-like hydrogen-atom-transfer catalysts. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:653-666. [PMID: 37464019 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Phthalimide-N-oxyl (PINO) is a valuable hydrogen-atom-transfer (HAT) catalyst for selective C-H functionalization. To advance and optimize PINO-catalysed HAT reactions, researchers have been focused on modifying the phthalimide core structure. Despite much effort and some notable advances, the modifications to date have centred on optimization of a single parameter of the catalyst, such as reactivity, solubility or stability. Unfortunately, the optimization with respect to one parameter is often associated with a worsening of the others. The derivation of a single catalyst structure with optimal performance across multiple parameters has therefore remained elusive. Here we present an analysis of the structure-activity relationships of PINO and its derivatives as HAT catalysts, which we hope will stimulate further development of PINO-catalysed HAT reactions and, ultimately, lead to much improved catalysts for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sahil Arora
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen Maldonado
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Program in Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Corey R J Stephenson
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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6
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High-efficient metal-free aerobic oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons by N, N-dihydroxypyromellitimide and 1,4-diamino-2,3-dichloroanthraquinone. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.112078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Terent’ev AO, Krylov IB, Paveliev SA, Budnikov AS, Segida OO, Merkulova VM, Vil’ VA, Nikishin GI. Hidden Reactivity of Barbituric and Meldrum’s Acids: Atom-Efficient Free-Radical C–O Coupling with N-Hydroxy Compounds. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1643-7642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe reactivity of CH-acidic and structurally related enol-containing heterocycles towards N-oxyl radicals is disclosed. Traditionally, these substrates have been considered as reactants for ionic transformations. Highly selective and efficient N-oxyl radical mediated C–O coupling of substituted barbituric or Meldrum’s acids with N-hydroxy compounds (N-hydroxyimides, hydroxamic acids, oximes, and N-hydroxybenzotriazole) was achieved using inexpensive manganese-containing salts as oxidants. Metal-free C–O coupling was demonstrated using diacetyliminoxyl as both the oxidant (hydrogen-atom acceptor) and the coupling partner.
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8
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Prasad VK, Pei Z, Edelmann S, Otero-de-la-Roza A, DiLabio GA. BH9, a New Comprehensive Benchmark Data Set for Barrier Heights and Reaction Energies: Assessment of Density Functional Approximations and Basis Set Incompleteness Potentials. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 18:151-166. [PMID: 34911294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The calculation of accurate reaction energies and barrier heights is essential in computational studies of reaction mechanisms and thermochemistry. To assess methods regarding their ability to predict these two properties, high-quality benchmark sets are required that comprise a reasonably large and diverse set of organic reactions. Due to the time-consuming nature of both locating transition states and computing accurate reference energies for reactions involving large molecules, previous benchmark sets have been limited in scope, the number of reactions considered, and the size of the reactant and product molecules. Recent advances in coupled-cluster theory, in particular local correlation methods like DLPNO-CCSD(T), now allow the calculation of reaction energies and barrier heights for relatively large systems. In this work, we present a comprehensive and diverse benchmark set of barrier heights and reaction energies based on DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS called BH9. BH9 comprises 449 chemical reactions belonging to nine types common in organic chemistry and biochemistry. We examine the accuracy of DLPNO-CCSD(T) vis-a-vis canonical CCSD(T) for a subset of BH9 and conclude that, although there is a penalty in using the DLPNO approximation, the reference data are accurate enough to serve as a benchmark for density functional theory (DFT) methods. We then present two applications of the BH9 set. First, we examine the performance of several density functional approximations commonly used in thermochemical and mechanistic studies. Second, we assess our basis set incompleteness potentials regarding their ability to mitigate basis set incompleteness errors. The number of data points, the diversity of the reactions considered, and the relatively large size of the reactant molecules make BH9 the most comprehensive thermochemical benchmark set to date and a useful tool for the development and assessment of computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viki Kumar Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Zhipeng Pei
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Simon Edelmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Alberto Otero-de-la-Roza
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica and MALTA Consolider Team, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gino A DiLabio
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7
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9
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Caruso M, Petroselli M, Cametti M. Design and Synthesis of Multipurpose Derivatives for N‐Hydroxyimide and NHPI‐based Catalysis Applications**. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfredi Caruso
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Via Luigi Mancinelli 7 20131 Milan Italy
| | - Manuel Petroselli
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Massimo Cametti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Via Luigi Mancinelli 7 20131 Milan Italy
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10
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Prasad VK, Khalilian MH, Otero-de-la-Roza A, DiLabio GA. BSE49, a diverse, high-quality benchmark dataset of separation energies of chemical bonds. Sci Data 2021; 8:300. [PMID: 34815431 PMCID: PMC8611007 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-01088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We present an extensive and diverse dataset of bond separation energies associated with the homolytic cleavage of covalently bonded molecules (A-B) into their corresponding radical fragments (A. and B.). Our dataset contains two different classifications of model structures referred to as "Existing" (molecules with associated experimental data) and "Hypothetical" (molecules with no associated experimental data). In total, the dataset consists of 4502 datapoints (1969 datapoints from the Existing and 2533 datapoints from the Hypothetical classes). The dataset covers 49 unique X-Y type single bonds (except H-H, H-F, and H-Cl), where X and Y are H, B, C, N, O, F, Si, P, S, and Cl atoms. All the reference data was calculated at the (RO)CBS-QB3 level of theory. The reference bond separation energies are non-relativistic ground-state energy differences and contain no zero-point energy corrections. This new dataset of bond separation energies (BSE49) is presented as a high-quality reference dataset for assessing and developing computational chemistry methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viki Kumar Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - M Hossein Khalilian
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Alberto Otero-de-la-Roza
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, MALTA Consolider Team, E-33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gino A DiLabio
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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11
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Ye Z, Lin Y, Gong L. The Merger of Photocatalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer with Transition Metal Catalysis for C−H Functionalization of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen, Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yu‐Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen, Fujian 361005 China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province iChEM College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen, Fujian 361005 China
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12
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Di Berto Mancini M, Del Gelsomino A, Di Stefano S, Frateloreto F, Lapi A, Lanzalunga O, Olivo G, Sajeva S. Change of Selectivity in C-H Functionalization Promoted by Nonheme Iron(IV)-oxo Complexes by the Effect of the N-hydroxyphthalimide HAT Mediator. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26428-26438. [PMID: 34661000 PMCID: PMC8515612 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A kinetic analysis of the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions from a series of organic compounds to the iron(IV)-oxo complex [(N4Py)FeIV(O)]2+ and to the phthalimide N-oxyl radical (PINO) has been carried out. The results indicate that a higher activating effect of α-heteroatoms toward the HAT from C-H bonds is observed with the more electrophilic PINO radical. When the N-hydroxy precursor of PINO, N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI), is used as a HAT mediator in the oxidation promoted by [(N4Py)FeIV(O)]2+, significant differences in terms of selectivity have been found. Product studies of the competitive oxidations of primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols (1-decanol, cyclopentanol, and cyclohexanol) with alkylaromatics (ethylbenzene and diphenylmethane) demonstrated that it is possible to modify the selectivity of the oxidations promoted by [(N4Py)FeIV(O)]2+ in the presence of NHPI. In fact, alkylaromatic substrates are more reactive in the absence of the mediator while alcohols are preferably oxidized in the presence of NHPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Di Berto Mancini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR), Sezione
Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro, 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Del Gelsomino
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR), Sezione
Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro, 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Stefano
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR), Sezione
Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro, 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Frateloreto
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR), Sezione
Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro, 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lapi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR), Sezione
Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro, 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Osvaldo Lanzalunga
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR), Sezione
Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro, 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
- CIRCC
Interuniversity Consortium Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Olivo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR), Sezione
Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro, 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Sajeva
- Dipartimento
di Chimica and Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR), Sezione
Meccanismi di Reazione, c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, P.le A. Moro, 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
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13
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Capaldo L, Ravelli D, Fagnoni M. Direct Photocatalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) for Aliphatic C-H Bonds Elaboration. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1875-1924. [PMID: 34355884 PMCID: PMC8796199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Direct photocatalyzed
hydrogen atom transfer (d-HAT) can be considered
a method of choice for the elaboration of
aliphatic C–H bonds. In this manifold, a photocatalyst (PCHAT) exploits the energy of a photon to trigger the homolytic
cleavage of such bonds in organic compounds. Selective C–H
bond elaboration may be achieved by a judicious choice of the hydrogen
abstractor (key parameters are the electronic character and the molecular
structure), as well as reaction additives. Different are the classes
of PCsHAT available, including aromatic ketones, xanthene
dyes (Eosin Y), polyoxometalates, uranyl salts, a metal-oxo porphyrin
and a tris(amino)cyclopropenium radical dication. The processes (mainly
C–C bond formation) are in most cases carried out under mild
conditions with the help of visible light. The aim of this review
is to offer a comprehensive survey of the synthetic applications of
photocatalyzed d-HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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14
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Kushch OV, Hordieieva IO, Kompanets MO, Zosenko OO, Opeida IA, Shendrik AN. Hydrogen Atom Transfer from Benzyl Alcohols to N-Oxyl Radicals. Reactivity Parameters. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3792-3799. [PMID: 33573371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A model for predicting the rate constants of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from the α-C-H bond of p-substituted benzyl alcohols to N-oxyl radicals was proposed. To quantify the factors governing the reactivity of both N-oxyl radicals and benzyl alcohols, multivariate regression analysis was performed using various combinations of reactivity parameters. The analysis was based on a 2D array of 35 HAT reactions, the rate constants of which span 4 orders of magnitude. The proposed polyparameter equation approximates the experimental rate constants of reactions with high accuracy using three independent parameters: Brown and Okamoto's substituent constants σ+ in alcohol molecules and the spin population on O and N atoms in the N-O• fragment of N-oxyl radicals [calculated by DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)]. The rate constants of HAT reactions from p-substituted benzyl alcohols to a series of aryl-substituted phthalimide-N-oxyl radicals containing either electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents (4-Cl, 4-HOOC, 4-CH3O), quinolinimide-N-oxyl, benzotriazole-N-oxyl, and violuric acid radicals were experimentally determined at 30 °C in acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Kushch
- L.M. Litvinenko Institute of Physico-Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine.,Faculty of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, Vasyl' Stus Donetsk National University, Vinnytsia 21021, Ukraine
| | - Iryna O Hordieieva
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, Vasyl' Stus Donetsk National University, Vinnytsia 21021, Ukraine
| | - Mykhailo O Kompanets
- L.M. Litvinenko Institute of Physico-Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine.,National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Kyiv 03056, Ukraine
| | - Olha O Zosenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, Vasyl' Stus Donetsk National University, Vinnytsia 21021, Ukraine
| | - Iosip A Opeida
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Fossil Fuels InPOCC, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv 79053, Ukraine
| | - Alexander N Shendrik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, Vasyl' Stus Donetsk National University, Vinnytsia 21021, Ukraine
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Kushch O, Hordieieva I, Novikova K, Litvinov Y, Kompanets M, Shendrik A, Opeida I. Kinetics of N-oxyl Radicals’ Decay. J Org Chem 2020; 85:7112-7124. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kushch
- L.M. Litvinenko Institute of Physico-Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University, Vinnytsia 21021 Ukraine
| | - Iryna Hordieieva
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University, Vinnytsia 21021 Ukraine
| | - Katerina Novikova
- L.M. Litvinenko Institute of Physico-Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Yurii Litvinov
- L.M. Litvinenko Institute of Physico-Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Mykhailo Kompanets
- L.M. Litvinenko Institute of Physico-Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
- National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv 03056 Ukraine
| | - Alexander Shendrik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University, Vinnytsia 21021 Ukraine
| | - Iosip Opeida
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University, Vinnytsia 21021 Ukraine
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Fossil Fuels InPOCC, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv 79053, Ukraine
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16
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Sandford C, Fries LR, Ball TE, Minteer SD, Sigman MS. Mechanistic Studies into the Oxidative Addition of Co(I) Complexes: Combining Electroanalytical Techniques with Parameterization. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18877-18889. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Sandford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Lydia R. Fries
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Tyler E. Ball
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Wang J, Yi WJ. Practical N-Hydroxyphthalimide-Mediated Oxidation of Sulfonamides to N-Sulfonylimines. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203771. [PMID: 31635092 PMCID: PMC6832120 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new method to prepare sulfonylimines through the oxidation of sulfonamides mediated by N-hydroxyphthalimide under mild conditions has been developed. Compared to reported oxidation methods, broader substrates scope and milder conditions were achieved in our method. Importantly, this oxidation method can afford N-sulfonyl enaminones using Mannich products as starting materials. Additionally, the one-pot Friedel-Crafts arylation reaction of unseparated N-sulfonylimine formed in our system with 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene was successful without any additional catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China.
| | - Wen-Jing Yi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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18
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Bietti M. Anwendung von Mediumeffekten in Aktivierungs‐ und Deaktivierungsstrategien zur selektiven Funktionalisierung aliphatischer C‐H‐Bindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità “Tor Vergata” Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome Italien
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19
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Bietti M. Activation and Deactivation Strategies Promoted by Medium Effects for Selective Aliphatic C-H Bond Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16618-16637. [PMID: 29873935 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selective functionalization of unactivated aliphatic C-H bonds represents an important goal of modern synthetic chemistry. Differentiating between such bonds in organic molecules with high levels of selectivity remains a crucial issue, and a profound understanding of even the subtlest reactivity trends is needed. Among the methods that have been developed, those based on hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) have attracted considerable interest. Within this framework, medium effects have proved effective in altering the reactivity and site selectivity in synthetically useful C-H functionalization procedures. In this Review, the mechanistic features behind the available strategies are discussed. It is shown that hydrogen bonding and acid-base interactions can promote C-H bond activation or deactivation toward HAT reagents, thereby providing fine-control over the site selectivity and product chemoselectivity as well as useful guidelines for future development and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
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20
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McKearney D, Choua S, Zhou W, Ganga-Sah Y, Ruppert R, Wytko JA, Weiss J, Leznoff DB. Ring-Oxidized Zinc(II) Phthalocyanine Cations: Structure, Spectroscopy, and Decomposition Behavior. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:9644-9655. [PMID: 30009596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A bromonium oxidizing agent was used to produce a ring-oxidized zinc phthalocyanine (PcZn), [PcZn(solvent)]•2[BArF4]2 (1·solvent), in good yield. This material is dimeric in the solid state with one axially coordinated solvent [tetrahydrofuran (THF) or 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME)] and close intradimer ring-ring distances of 3.18 and 3.136 Å (THF and DME respectively); this proximity facilitates strong antiferromagnetic coupling to yield diamagnetic dimers. 1·THF is present in solution as a monomer and a dimer. In CH2Cl2, the dimer is favored above 0.1 mM, and it is almost exclusively present in solvents with a high dielectric constant such as acetonitrile. The material 1·THF/DME decomposes in DME to a meso-nitrogen-protonated species, [HPcZn(DME)2][BArF4] (2), which was isolated and represents the first example of such a structurally characterized, protonated, unsubstituted PcM complex. A partially oxidized dimer or "pimer" [(PcZn(DME))2]•[BArF4] (3) was also structurally characterized and has a intradimer ring-ring distance of 3.192 Å, similar to 1·THF/DME. Dimer 3 also represents the first isolated PcM-based pimer. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis of a 1.0 mM solution of 1·DME in DME showed the production of 3 over hours by the combination of 1·DME and 2 in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan McKearney
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada
| | - Sylvie Choua
- Institut de Chimie , UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 4 rue Blaise Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada
| | - Yumeela Ganga-Sah
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada
| | - Romain Ruppert
- Institut de Chimie , UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 4 rue Blaise Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Jennifer A Wytko
- Institut de Chimie , UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 4 rue Blaise Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Jean Weiss
- Institut de Chimie , UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 4 rue Blaise Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Daniel B Leznoff
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada
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Gunchenko PA, Li J, Liu B, Chen H, Pashenko AE, Bakhonsky VV, Zhuk TS, Fokin AA. Aerobic oxidations with N -hydroxyphthalimide in trifluoroacetic acid. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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