1
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Wang Y, Liu S, Huang Y. Photoredox/copper-catalyzed gem-difluoroalkylation-cyanation of 1,3-enynes. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4895-4900. [PMID: 38826121 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00602j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
A photoredox/copper-catalyzed 1,4-difunctionalization of 1,3-enynes with readily available difluoroalkylating reagents and TMSCN was developed. This reaction proceeded at mild conditions, affording the corresponding difluoroalkylated allenes in good yields with high functional-group tolerance and excellent regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Shuai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
| | - Yangen Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Lu, Shanghai 201620, China.
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2
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Ouyang Y, Qing FL. Photoredox Catalyzed Radical Fluoroalkylation with Non-Classical Fluorinated Reagents. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2815-2824. [PMID: 38385430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of photocatalysis has greatly advanced radical fluoroalkylation reactions. Central to this advancement is the introduction and refinement of radical reagents, which play a pivotal role in driving these reactions forward. Intriguingly, some of these reagents, previously not recognized for their radical properties, have emerged as key players in this area. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of four representative reagents pioneered by our laboratory, which have subsequently garnered extensive application in broader research contexts, including difluorocarbene precursors bromodifluoromethylphosphonium bromide, electrophilic sulfonylation reagent triflic anhydride, and nucleophilic trifluoromethylation reagent methyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate (Chen's reagent). The integration of phosphonium reagents, triflic anhydride, and methyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate into photocatalysis has enabled some unexpected reactivities and now notably expanded the capabilities in radical difluoromethylation, trifluoromethylation, and difluoroalkylation. Our discussion highlights how these atypical reagents have enriched the toolkit available for radical fluoroalkylations, offering insights that could inspire future research and application in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng-Ling Qing
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Lin LQH, Rentería-Gómez Á, Martin RT, Zhang YQ, Ong KZW, Parris AB, Gutierrez O, Koh MJ. Selective 1,2-Hydroarylation(Alkenylation) of gem-Difluoroalkenes to Access (-CF 2 H) Motifs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317935. [PMID: 38117662 PMCID: PMC11076007 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
An emerging class of C-C coupling transformations that furnish drug-like building blocks involves catalytic hydrocarbonation of alkenes. However, despite notable advances in the field, hydrocarbon addition to gem-difluoroalkenes without additional electronic activation remains largely unsuccessful. This owes partly to poor reactivity and the propensity of difluoroalkenes to undergo defluorinative side reactions. Here, we report a nickel catalytic system that promotes efficient 1,2-selective hydroarylation and hydroalkenylation, suppressing defluorination and providing straightforward access to a diverse assortment of prized organofluorides bearing difluoromethyl-substituted carbon centers. In contrast to radical-based pathways and reactions triggered by hydrometallation via a nickel-hydride complex, our experimental and computational studies support a mechanism in which a catalytically active nickel-bromide species promotes selective carbonickelation with difluoroalkenes followed by alkoxide exchange and hydride transfer, effectively overcoming the difluoroalkene's intrinsic electronic bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leroy Qi Hao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | | | - Robert T Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ying-Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Kelvin Zhi Wei Ong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Adam B Parris
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
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4
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhu T, Wu J. Difluoromethylarylation of Alkynes from [Bis(difluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene: Access to CF 2H-Containing Dibenzazepines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7551-7556. [PMID: 35549257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A photoinduced radical difluoromethylarylation via tandem addition-cyclization of alkynes with easily available [bis(difluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene is accomplished, providing a straightforward and practical route for the construction of difluoromethylated dibenzazepines. Various sensitive functional groups can be compatible under photoinduced conditions. Mechanism investigation reveals that this transformation is initiated by the addition of alkyne with difluoromethyl radical, generated in situ from [bis(difluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoyu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Tonghao Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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5
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Du P, Sun Q, Li H, Zhang J, Deng H, Jiang H. Silver-catalyzed Radical Cascade Arylthiodifluoromethylation/ Cyclization of Isonitriles for the Synthesis of 6-Phenanthridinyldifluoromethyl Aryl Thioethers. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200088. [PMID: 35319154 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for silver-catalyzed radical cascade arylthiodifluoromethylation/cyclization of isonitriles is disclosed. The transformation comprised addition of an arylthiodifluoromethyl radical generated in situ by the oxidative decarboxylation of arylthiodifluoroacetic salts to the isonitrile functionality to construct an ArSCF2 -C bond, followed by intramolecular cyclization to eventually afford 6-phenanthridinyldifluoromethyl aryl thioethers. The protocol provided a variety of 6-phenanthridinyldifluoromethyl aryl thioethers in medium to excellent yields with a good functional group tolerance under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Du
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Hongxiao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Deng
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Haizhen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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6
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Zhu YY, Liu S, Huang Y, Qing FL, Xu XH. Photoredox catalyzed difluoro(phenylthio)methylation of 2,3-allenoic acids with {difluoro(phenylthio)methyl}triphenylphosphonium triflate. J Fluor Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.109969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Xiang T, Liu Y, Xu Q, He K, Pan F. Palladium-Catalyzed Regio- and Diastereoselective Olefinic C-H Difluoromethylthiolation at Room Temperature. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3135-3144. [PMID: 35029406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we developed palladium-catalyzed regio- and diastereoselective difluoromethylthiolation of acrylamides to form the Z-isomer product at room temperature. Using 8-aminoquinoline as a directing group, this protocol resulted in a high efficiency under mild reaction conditions and showed good functional group tolerances, which opens a novel synthetic methodology for accessing SCF2H-containing skeletons. Moreover, mechanistic studies were conducted to obtain insights into the reaction mechanism, and post-functionalization of the product reactions was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxu Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, 5 Jingan Road, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China
| | - Yongze Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, 5 Jingan Road, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoling Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, 5 Jingan Road, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China
| | - Kehan He
- School of Science, Xichang University, 1 Xuefu Road, Xichang 615000, P. R. China
| | - Fei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, 5 Jingan Road, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China
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8
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Feng J, Jia X, Zhang S, Lu K, Cahard D. State of knowledge in photoredox-catalysed direct difluoromethylation. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00551d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The combination of visible light photoredox catalysis with direct difluoromethylation has allowed the synthesis of a large choice of CF2H-containing value-added molecules under very mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Feng
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Shuyue Zhang
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Kui Lu
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Dominique Cahard
- CNRS, UMR 6014 COBRA, Normandie Université, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
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9
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Huang W, Ding X, Zi Y. Research Progress of Vinyl/Aryl Phosphonium Salts in Organic Synthesis. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202107065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Liu Q, Lu Y, Sheng H, Zhang C, Su X, Wang Z, Chen X. Visible‐Light‐Induced Selective Photolysis of Phosphonium Iodide Salts for Monofluoromethylations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yu Lu
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - He Sheng
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chao‐Shen Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiao‐Di Su
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhi‐Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiang‐Yu Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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11
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Chen X, Liu B, Pei C, Li J, Zou D, Wu Y, Wu Y. Visible-Light-Induced Radical Difluoromethylation/Cyclization of Unactivated Alkenes: Access to CF 2H-Substituted Quinazolinones. Org Lett 2021; 23:7787-7791. [PMID: 34581179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A mild and efficient visible-light-induced radical difluoromethylation/cyclization of unactivated alkenes toward the synthesis of substituted quinazolinones with easily accessible difluoromethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide has been developed. The transformation has the advantages of wide functional group compatibility, a broad substrate scope, and operational simplicity. The benign protocol offers a facile access to pharmaceutically valuable difluoromethylated polycyclic quinazolinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Chen
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Pei
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingya Li
- Tetranov Biopharm, LLC, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Zou
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangjie Wu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- Tetranov Biopharm, LLC, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China.,Tetranov International, Inc., 100 Jersey Avenue, Suite A340, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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12
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Regio- and chemoselectivity in S- and O- difluoromethylation reactions using diethyl (bromodifluoromethyl)phosphonate. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Boldt AM, Dickinson SI, Ramirez JR, Benz-Weeden AM, Wilson DS, Stevenson SM. Reactions of benzyltriphenylphosphonium salts under photoredox catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7810-7815. [PMID: 34549228 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01570b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of benzyltriphenylphosphonium salts as alkyl radical precursors using photoredox catalysis is described. Depending on substituents, the benzylic radicals may couple to form C-C bonds or abstract a hydrogen atom to form C-H bonds. A natural product, brittonin A, was also synthesized using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Boldt
- Department of Chemistry, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI 53140, USA.
| | | | | | | | - David S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI 53140, USA.
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14
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Zhang M, Lin JH, Xiao JC. HCF 2Se/HCF 2S Installation by Tandem Substitutions from Alkyl Bromides. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13153-13159. [PMID: 34476948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe an efficient construction of HCF2Se and HCF2S groups by tandem substitutions between alkyl bromides and a reagent system consisting of MSeCN (or MSCN) and Ph3P+CF2H Br-. The tandem process occurs via the first nucleophilic substitution of alkyl bromides by -SeCN (or -SCN) and the subsequent nucleophilic difluoromethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin-Hong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ji-Chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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15
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Liu Q, Lu Y, Sheng H, Zhang CS, Su XD, Wang ZX, Chen XY. Visible-Light-Induced Selective Photolysis of Phosphonium Iodide Salts for Monofluoromethylations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25477-25484. [PMID: 34490742 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The sigma (σ)-hole effect has emerged as a promising tool to construct novel architectures endowed with new properties. A simple yet effective strategy for the generation of monofluoromethyl radicals is a continuing challenge within the synthetic community. Fluoromethylphosphonium salts are easily available, air- and thermally stable, as well as simple-to-handle. Herein, we report the ability of the σ-hole effect to facilitate the visible-light-triggered photolysis of phosphonium iodide salts, a charge-transfer complex, selectively giving fluoromethyl radicals. The usefulness and versatility of this new protocol are demonstrated through the mono-, di-, and trifluoromethylation of a variety of alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Lu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - He Sheng
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chao-Shen Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Di Su
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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16
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Wu J, Shen Q. Difluoromethylthiolator: A Toolbox of Reagents for Difluoromethylthiolation. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2946-2958. [PMID: 34184872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the strategic installation of a fluorine atom or a fluoroalkyl group site-selectively at the specific position of the target molecule has become a routine approach and daily practice for medicinal chemists in their endeavor to fine tune the structure of the lead compound to improve its physicochemical properties such as the cell membrane permeability and metabolic stability. Among many fluoroalkyl groups, the difluoromethylthio group (-SCF2H) has attracted recent intense attention. Largely due to the weak acidity of the proton in the difluoromethylthio group, the difluoromethylthio group is generally considered to be a lipophilic hydrogen-bonding donor and a bioisostere of the hydroxy/thio group that might interact with the heteroatom of the enzyme via a hydrogen bond to improve the binding selectivity of the drug molecule. Besides, the difluoromethylthio group is less lipophilic, less electron-withdrawing, and less stable to the acidic or basic environment than its analogue trifluoromethylthio group (-SCF3), making it easier to regulate the metabolic stability of drug molecules. These beneficial effects render the difluoromethylthio group one of the most favorable functional groups in drug design; consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new strategies for the efficient introduction of the difluoromethylthio group into small molecules under mild conditions. Over the last few decades, several different approaches to the preparation of difluoromethylthiolated compounds have been developed, including the difluoromethylation of thiolated substrates with an electrophilic/nucleophilic difluoromethylating reagent or the insertion of a difluoromethyl carbene into the S-H bond of the thiols. In contrast, we adopt an alternative approach to the preparation of difluoromethylthiolated compounds by late-stage direct difluoromethylthiolation of the specific substrates with a difluoromethylthiolating reagent. With this aim in mind, in the last 6 years we have successfully developed a toolbox of reagents that are capable of the direct introduction of the difluoromethylthio group into the target molecules, including nucleophilic difluoromethylthiolating reagent [(SIPr)AgSCF2H] I, electrophilic difluoromethylthiolating reagent PhthSCF2H II, three optically pure difluoromethylthiolating reagents camphorsultam-SCF2H III, radical difluoromethylthiolating reagent PhSO2SCF2H IV, and reagent PhSO2SCFClH V that could be used for the preparation of 18F-labeled [18F]ArSCF2H. These reagents reacted with a broad range of substrates to get access to difluoromethylthiolated compounds efficiently, thus providing medicinal chemists a powerful weapon for the direct introduction of the difluoromethylthio group into promising molecules during the search for new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Qilong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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17
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhu T, Wu J. Photoredox-catalyzed direct C(sp 2)–H difluoromethylation of enamides or heterocycles with [bis(difluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00995h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A photoredox-catalyzed direct C(sp2)–H difluoromethylation of enamides and heterocycles is accomplished by using easily accessible [bis(difluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene as the CF2H source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Yating Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Tonghao Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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18
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Brigham CE, Malapit CA, Lalloo N, Sanford MS. Nickel-Catalyzed Decarbonylative Synthesis of Fluoroalkyl Thioethers. ACS Catal 2020; 10:8315-8320. [PMID: 34306801 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the development of a nickel-catalyzed decarbonylative reaction for the synthesis of fluoroalkyl thioethers (RFSR) from the corresponding thioesters. Readily available, inexpensive, and stable fluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (RFCO2H) serve as the fluoroalkyl (RF) source in this transformation. Stoichiometric organometallic studies reveal that RF-S bond-forming reductive elimination is a challenging step in the catalytic cycle. This led to the identification of diphenylphosphinoferrocene as the optimal ligand for this transformation. Ultimately, this method was applied to the construction of diverse fluoroalkyl thioethers (RFSR), with R = both aryl and alkyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor E. Brigham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Christian A. Malapit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Naish Lalloo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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19
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Srivastava V, Singh PK, Srivastava A, Singh PP. Recent application of visible-light induced radicals in C-S bond formation. RSC Adv 2020; 10:20046-20056. [PMID: 35520400 PMCID: PMC9054237 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03086d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The sulphur centered radicals, produced from various organic compounds, in high efficiency by single-electron-transfer (SET) oxidation. These radicals are highly reactive intermediates having various applications in the construction of organosulphur compounds in the field of synthetic organic chemistry. These S-centred radical-mediated organic transformations have been achieved using photoredox catalysts, including organic dyes and transition metal catalysts, as well as in the absence of any catalyst. Compared with previous methods, photoredox catalysis is inexpensive and features the advantages of being environmentally benign, highly efficient and easy to use. This review focuses on recent developments in the photocatalyzed carbon-sulphur bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad Prayagraj 211002 India
| | - Pravin K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad Prayagraj 211002 India
| | - Arjita Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad Prayagraj 211002 India
| | - Praveen P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, United College of Engineering & Research Naini Prayagraj 211010 India
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20
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Trifonov AL, Panferova LI, Levin VV, Kokorekin VA, Dilman AD. Visible-Light-Promoted Iododifluoromethylation of Alkenes via (Phosphonio)difluoromethyl Radical Cation. Org Lett 2020; 22:2409-2413. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey L. Trifonov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Higher Chemical College, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Liubov I. Panferova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V. Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Kokorekin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D. Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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21
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Zhu TH, Zhang ZY, Tao JY, Zhao K, Loh TP. Regioselective and Stereoselective Difluoromethylation of Enamides with Difluoromethyltriphenylphosphonium Bromide via Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2019; 21:6155-6159. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Hao Zhu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Institute of Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Ze-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ji-Yu Tao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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22
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23
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Lemos A, Lemaire C, Luxen A. Progress in Difluoroalkylation of Organic Substrates by Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2019; 361:1500-1537. [PMID: 31680791 PMCID: PMC6813635 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The selective incorporation of fluorinated motifs, in particular CF2FG (FG=a functional group) and CF2H groups, into organic compounds has attrracted increasing attention since organofluorine molecules are of the utmost importance in the areas of nuclear imaging, pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and material sciences. A variety of synthetic approaches has been employed in late-stage difluoroalkylation reactions. Visible light photoredox catalysis for the production of CF2FG and CF2H radicals has provided a more sustainable alternative to other conventional radical-triggered reactions from the viewpoint of safety, cost, availability, and "green" chemistry. A wide range of difluoroalkylating reagents has been successfully implemented in these organic transformations in the presence of transition metal complexes or organic photocatalysts. In most cases, upon excitation via visible light irradiation with fluorescent light bulbs or blue light-emitting diode (LED) lamps, these photocatalysts can act as both reductive and oxidative quenchers, thus enabling the application of electron-donor or electron-acceptor difluoroalkylating reagents for the generation of CF2FG and CF2H radicals. Subsequent radical addition to substrates and additional organic transformations afford the corresponding difluoroalkylated derivatives. The present review describes the distinct strategies for the transition metal- and organic-photocatalyzed difluoroalkylation of a broad range of organic substrates by visible light irradiation reported in the literature since 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostinho Lemos
- GIGA Cyclotron Research Centre In Vivo ImagingUniversity of LiègeAllée du 6 Août 8,4000LiègeBelgium
| | - Christian Lemaire
- GIGA Cyclotron Research Centre In Vivo ImagingUniversity of LiègeAllée du 6 Août 8,4000LiègeBelgium
| | - André Luxen
- GIGA Cyclotron Research Centre In Vivo ImagingUniversity of LiègeAllée du 6 Août 8,4000LiègeBelgium
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24
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Polley A, Bairy G, Das P, Jana R. Triple Mode of Alkylation with Ethyl Bromodifluoroacetate:
N
, or
O
‐Difluoromethylation,
N
‐Ethylation and
S
‐(ethoxycarbonyl)difluoromethylation. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Polley
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata- 700032, West Bengal India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Kolkata- 700032 India
| | - Gurupada Bairy
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata- 700032, West Bengal India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Kolkata- 700032 India
| | - Pritha Das
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata- 700032, West Bengal India
| | - Ranjan Jana
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry DivisionCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata- 700032, West Bengal India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Kolkata- 700032 India
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Barata-Vallejo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Junín 954, CP 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Victoria Cooke
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Junín 954, CP 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Al Postigo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Junín 954, CP 1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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26
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Guo SH, Zhang XL, Pan GF, Zhu XQ, Gao YR, Wang YQ. Synthesis of Difluoromethylthioesters from Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Huan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 P.R. China
| | - Xing-Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 P.R. China
| | - Gao-Fei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 P.R. China
| | - Xue-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 P.R. China
| | - Ya-Ru Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 P.R. China
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27
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Guo SH, Zhang XL, Pan GF, Zhu XQ, Gao YR, Wang YQ. Synthesis of Difluoromethylthioesters from Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1663-1667. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Huan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 P.R. China
| | - Xing-Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 P.R. China
| | - Gao-Fei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 P.R. China
| | - Xue-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 P.R. China
| | - Ya-Ru Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 P.R. China
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28
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Wang W, Zhang S, Zhao H, Wang S. Visible light-promoted difluoromethylthiolation of aryldiazonium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8565-8568. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02431f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Difluoromethylthiolation of aryldiazonium salts under mild conditions using a shelf-stable reagent (PhSO2SCF2H) was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical materials
| | - Shuxiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical materials
| | - Huaiqing Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong
| | - Shoufeng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical materials
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29
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Liu J, Li W, Xie J, Zhu C. Photoredox 1,2-dicarbofunctionalization of unactivated alkenes via tandem radical difluoroalkylation and alkynyl migration. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00808b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light-mediated tandem radical difluoroalkylation and alkynylation of unactivated alkenes is described. It comprises a mild C–C bond activation via intramolecular 1,4-radical alkynyl migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Weipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
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30
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Yu J, Lin JH, Xiao JC. Reaction of Thiocarbonyl Fluoride Generated from Difluorocarbene with Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16669-16673. [PMID: 29143469 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of thiocarbonyl fluoride, generated from difluorocarbene, with various amines under mild conditions is described. Secondary amines, primary amines, and o-phenylenediamines are converted to thiocarbamoyl fluorides, isothiocyanates, and difluoromethylthiolated heterocycles, respectively. Thiocarbamoyl fluorides were further transformed into trifluoromethylated amines by using a one-pot process. Thiocarbonyl fluoride is generated in situ and is rapidly fully converted in one pot under mild conditions; therefore, no special safety precautions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Hong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
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31
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Yu J, Lin JH, Xiao JC. Reaction of Thiocarbonyl Fluoride Generated from Difluorocarbene with Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
| | - Jin-Hong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
| | - Ji-Chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
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