1
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Swirepik O, Smith JN, White NG. Balancing on a Knife's Edge: Studies on the Synthesis of Pillar[6]arene Derivatives. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37339270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Pillar[6]arenes are established as crucial building blocks in supramolecular chemistry; however, they can be difficult to synthesize, particularly in the absence of large solubilizing substituents. In this work, we explore variability in literature syntheses of pillar[6]arene derivatives and suggest that the outcome is dependent on whether oligomeric intermediates stay in solution long enough for the thermodynamically favorable macrocyclization to occur. We demonstrate that in a previously capricious BF3·OEt2-mediated procedure, ≤5 mol % of a Brønsted acid can slow down the reaction to favor macrocycle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Swirepik
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Jordan N Smith
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Nicholas G White
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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2
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Chao Y, Thikekar TU, Fang W, Chang R, Xu J, Ouyang N, Xu J, Gao Y, Guo M, Zuilhof H, Sue ACH. "Rim-Differentiated" Pillar[6]arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204589. [PMID: 35451151 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A "rim-differentiated" pillar[6]arene (RD-P[6]) was obtained successfully, with the assistance of a dimeric silver trifluoroacetate template, among eight different constitutional isomers in a direct and regioselective manner. The solid-state conformation of this macrocycle could switch from the 1,3,5-alternate to a truly rim-differentiated one upon guest inclusion. This highly symmetric RD-P[6] not only hosts metal-containing molecules inside its cavity, but also can form a pillar[6]arene-C60 adduct through co-crystallization on account of donor-acceptor interactions. The development of synthetic strategies to desymmetrize pillararenes offers new opportunities for engineering complex molecular architectures and organic electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chao
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Tushar Ulhas Thikekar
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wangjian Fang
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Rong Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jiong Xu
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Nianfeng Ouyang
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Minjie Guo
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew C-H Sue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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3
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Vincent SP, Chen W. Copillar[5]arene Chemistry: Synthesis and Applications. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1738369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractResearch on pillar[n]arenes has witnessed a very quick expansion. This emerging class of functionalized macrocyclic oligoarenes not only offers host–guest properties due to the presence of the central cavity, but also presents a wide variety of covalent functionalization possibilities. This short review focuses on copillararenes, a subfamily of pillar[n]arenes. In copillararenes, at least one of the hydroquinone units bears different functional groups compared to the others. After having defined the particular features of copillararenes, this short review compares the different synthetic strategies allowing their construction. Some key applications and future perspectives are also described. 1 Introduction2 General Features of Pillar[5]arenes3 Synthesis of Functionalized Copillar[4+1]arenes4 Concluding Remarks
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenzhang Chen
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University
- Department of Chemistry, UNamur, NARILIS
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4
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Chao Y, Thikekar TU, Fang W, Chang R, Xu J, Ouyang N, Xu J, Gao Y, Guo M, Zuilhof H, Sue ACH. "Rim‐Differentiated" Pillar[6]arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chao
- Tianjin University School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology CHINA
| | | | - Wangjian Fang
- Tianjin University School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology CHINA
| | - Rong Chang
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jiong Xu
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Nianfeng Ouyang
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jun Xu
- Tianjin University School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Yan Gao
- Tianjin University School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Minjie Guo
- Tianjin University School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology CHINA
| | - Han Zuilhof
- WUR: Wageningen University & Research Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Andrew Chi-Hau Sue
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 422 Siming S. Rd.Siming Dist. 361005 Xiamen CHINA
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5
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Ling L, Jiang S, Lan S, Zhang C, Ma D. Step-Growth Cyclo-Oligomerization for the Preparation of Functionalized Pillar[6]arenes with Alternating Methylene Bridge Substitutions. Org Lett 2021; 23:9327-9331. [PMID: 34792361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Methylene-bridge-substituted pillar[6]arenes (PA[6]) are synthesized by step-growth cyclo-oligomerization. Dimers, trimers, tetramers, and hexamers with substituted methylene bridges are synthesized. Hexamers are converted to PA[6] derivatives with alternating methylene bridge substitutions by ring-closing reactions. PA[6] derivatives are further modified with pyrene groups or carboxylate groups by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions. The modifications render PA[6] fluorescent or water-soluble. A host-guest chemistry study confirms that the water-soluble PA[6] derivative is a high-affinity host toward suitable guests in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Siyang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shang Lan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Da Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
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7
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Chen W, Mohy Ei Dine T, Vincent SP. Synthesis of functionalized copillar[4+1]arenes and rotaxane as heteromultivalent scaffolds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:492-495. [PMID: 33326542 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07684h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, novel copillar[4+1]arenes were used as central heteromultivalent scaffolds via orthogonal couplings with a series of biologically relevant molecules such as carbohydrates, α-amino acids, biotin and phenylboronic acid. Further modifications by introducing maleimides or cyclooctyne groups provided molecular probes adapted to copper-free click chemistry. An octa-azidated fluorescent rotaxane bearing two distinct ligands was also generated in a fully controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhang Chen
- Faculty of Science, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, Namur, Belgium.
| | | | - Stéphane P Vincent
- Faculty of Science, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61, Namur, Belgium.
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8
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Lei S, Xiao H, Zeng Y, Tung C, Wu L, Cong H. BowtieArene: A Dual Macrocycle Exhibiting Stimuli‐Responsive Fluorescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng‐Nan Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsKey Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Hongyan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsKey Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsKey Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Chen‐Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsKey Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Li‐Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsKey Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Huan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsKey Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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9
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Lei S, Xiao H, Zeng Y, Tung C, Wu L, Cong H. BowtieArene: A Dual Macrocycle Exhibiting Stimuli‐Responsive Fluorescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10059-10065. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng‐Nan Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsKey Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Hongyan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsKey Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsKey Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Chen‐Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsKey Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Li‐Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsKey Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Huan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic MaterialsKey Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial ScienceTechnical Institute of Physics and ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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