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Rösch M, Gruhne MS, Lommel M, Endraß SMJ, Stierstorfer J. The Adjustability of Physicochemical Properties: Comparison of 1-Vinyl-5H-tetrazole and 1-Allyl-5H-tetrazole as Ligands in 3d Metal Energetic Coordination Compounds. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1488-1507. [PMID: 36633927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Energetic coordination compounds (ECCs) show promising properties to be used as potential substitutes for highly toxic lead-containing primary explosives. The concept is to combine the three building blocks: (i) ligand, (ii) transition metal, and (iii) anion, acting as (i) fuel, (ii) matrix, and (iii) oxidizer (e.g., ClO4-, NO3-, ClO3-) or energetic component (e.g., DN-, N3-, picrate, styphnate, trinitrophloroglucinate). By variation of the ligands, the complexes' properties can be adjusted toward their desired performance and sensitivities. In the present study, 1-vinyl-5H-tetrazole (1-VTZ, 1) and 1-allyl-5H-tetrazole (1-ATZ, 2) were used as nitrogen-rich endothermic ligands to form 3d metal (Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+)-based ECCs. The influence of the introduction of an unsaturated C-C bond (1-ETZ vs 1-VTZ and 1-PTZ vs 1-ATZ) on the performance and sensitivity of the complexes is discussed, as is the lengthening of the alkenyl chain (1-VTZ vs 1-ATZ). For further insights, the novel complexes were compared to literature-known complexes based on N1-substituted C2- and C3-derived tetrazole ligands, respectively. The ligand 1-VTZ (1) was prepared by elimination of hydrogen chloride from 1-(2-chloroethyl)-5H-tetrazole in methanolic KOH solution. 1-ATZ (2) was obtained by a heterocyclization reaction of allylamine with triethyl orthoformate and sodium azide in an acetic acid medium. All compounds were intensively characterized with analytical methods such as XRD, IR, EA, DTA, TGA, and sensitivity measurements (IS and FS). The energetic performances were visibly evaluated in fast heating experiments. Furthermore, PETN initiation and laser ignition experiments were carried out for promising ECCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rösch
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Michael S Gruhne
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Marcus Lommel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Simon M J Endraß
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
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2
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Chen P, Dou H, He C, Pang S. Boosting the Energetic Performance of Trinitromethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole Moiety by Increasing Nitrogen-Oxygen in the Bridge. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710002. [PMID: 36077400 PMCID: PMC9456194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The trinitromethyl moiety is a useful group for the design and development of novel energetic compounds with high nitrogen and oxygen content. In this work, by using an improved nitration method, the dinitromethyl precursor was successfully nitrated to the trinitromethyl product (2), and its structure was thoroughly characterized by FTIR, NMR, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 2 has a high density (1.897 g cm−3), high heat of formation (984.8 kJ mmol−1), and a high detonation performance (D: 9351 m s−1, P: 37.46 GPa) that may find useful applications in the field of high energy density materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100871, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui Dou
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100871, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100871, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (S.P.)
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100871, China
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (S.P.)
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Chinnam AK, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. 1,2-Bis(5-(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)diazene: a water stable, high-performing green oxidizer. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16929-16932. [PMID: 34766612 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03496k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trinitromethane moieties are very important for the design and development of high performing dense green oxidizers. The novel oxidizer 1,2-bis(5-(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)diazene, 14 is stable in water in contrast to 1,2,4-oxadiazoles with other electron withdrawing substituents at the C5-position. Compound 14 is a CNO-based oxidizer with positive oxygen balance (+6.9%), moderate thermostability, and mechanical insensitivity that may find useful applications in the field of green rocket propallant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
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4
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Gruhne MS, Lenz T, Rösch M, Lommel M, Wurzenberger MHH, Klapötke TM, Stierstorfer J. Nitratoethyl-5H-tetrazoles: improving the oxygen balance through application of organic nitrates in energetic coordination compounds. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:10811-10825. [PMID: 34291271 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01898a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1- and 2-Nitratoethyl-5H-tetrazole (1-NET and 2-NET) were prepared through nitration of the respective alkyl alcohol using 100% nitric acid. A mixture of 1- and 2-hydroxyethyl-5H-tetrazole was obtained after alkylation of 1,5H-tetrazole. Also, a one-pot synthesis of 1-hydroxyethyl-5H-tetrazole was developed enabling the selective preparation of 1-NET. Both organic nitrates were characterized by 1H, 13C, and 1H-15N HMBC NMR spectroscopy. In addition, calculations using the Hirshfeld method and the EXPLO5 code were performed. Principally, 20 energetic coordination compounds involving the d-metals Mn, Cu, Zn, and Ag, each structurally characterized by low temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction, were prepared based on 1-NET and 2-NET. Of these complexes, 18 were obtained as pure bulk materials, and therefore, characterized for impact, friction, and ball drop impact sensitivity, as well as electrostatic discharge and thermal stability using differential thermal analysis. Hot plate and hot needle tests were performed mostly showing strong deflagrations making the complexes candidates for green combustion catalysts. Furthermore, successful PETN initiation experiments were carried out for several complexes and all ECCs were investigated by laser ignition experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Gruhne
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Tobias Lenz
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Markus Rösch
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Marcus Lommel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Maximilian H H Wurzenberger
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81337 Munich, Germany.
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5
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Leonov NE, Klenov MS, Anikin OV, Churakov AM, Strelenko YA, Voronin AA, Lempert DB, Muravyev NV, Fedyanin IV, Semenov SE, Tartakovsky VA. Synthesis of New Energetic Materials Based on Furazan Rings and Nitro‐
NNO
‐azoxy Groups. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita E. Leonov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Michael S. Klenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Oleg V. Anikin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr M. Churakov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Yurii A. Strelenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A. Voronin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - David B. Lempert
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences 1 Academician Semenov avenue 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow region Russian Federation
| | - Nikita V. Muravyev
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences 4 Kosygina Street, Building 1 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V. Fedyanin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilova Street 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Stremyanny per. 36 117997 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Sergei E. Semenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- Moscow Chemical Lyceum 4 Tamozhenniy proezd 111033 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Tartakovsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
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6
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Mei H, Yang J, Cao W, Hu Y, He P, Zhang JG. A new oxygen-rich energetic salt dihydrazine tetranitroethide: a promising explosive alternative with high density and good performance. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23250-23253. [PMID: 35520354 PMCID: PMC9054708 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04167j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel high-energy salt with good oxygen balance, dihydrazine tetranitroethide (5), has been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray single crystal diffraction. Compound 5 exhibits high crystal density (1.81 g cm-3) and impressive detonation velocity (9508 m s-1) and detonation pressure (37.9 GPa), showing potential applications as a high performance explosive and a promising additive of propellants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86-10-68918091
| | - Junqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86-10-68918091
| | - Wenli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86-10-68918091
| | - Yong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86-10-68918091
| | - Piao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86-10-68918091
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7
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Manzoor S, Yang J, Tariq Q, Mei H, Yang Z, Hu Y, Cao W, Sinditskii VP, Zhang J. Tetrazole and Azido Derivatives of Pyrimidine: Synthesis, Mechanism, Thermal Behaviour & Steering of Azido–Tetrazole Equilibrium. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saira Manzoor
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Jun‐Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Qamar‐un‐nisa Tariq
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Hao‐Zheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Zhen‐Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Yong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Wen‐Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Valery P. Sinditskii
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Jian‐Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and TechnologyBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
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8
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Anikin OV, Leonov NE, Klenov MS, Churakov AM, Voronin AA, Muravyev NV, Strelenko YA, Fedyanin IV, Tartakovsky VA. An Energetic (Nitro-NNO
-azoxy)triazolo-1,2,4-triazine. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Anikin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Nikita E. Leonov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia; 125047 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Michael S. Klenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr M. Churakov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A. Voronin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Nikita V. Muravyev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Yurii A. Strelenko
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics; Russian Academy of Sciences; 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V. Fedyanin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Federation
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyanny per. 36; 117997 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Tartakovsky
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Federation
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyanny per. 36; 117997 Moscow Russian Federation
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9
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Leonov NE, Klenov MS, Anikin OV, Churakov AM, Strelenko YA, Monogarov KA, Tartakovsky VA. First Synthesis of Aliphatic Nitro- NNO
-azoxy Compounds. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita E. Leonov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Michael S. Klenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Oleg V. Anikin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr M. Churakov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Yurii A. Strelenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A. Monogarov
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics; Russian Academy of Sciences; 4 Kosygina Street, Building 1 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Tartakovsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
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