1
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Wu R, Xu H, Zhou H, Yu P, Wen Z, Chen W. Electrochemically promoted thio-Michael addition of N-substituted maleimides to thiols in an aqueous medium. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5401-5405. [PMID: 38874577 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00734d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
A stable and practical electrochemical method was developed to promote the thio-Michael addition of N-substituted maleimides to various thiols in an aqueous medium. This protocol was found to be excellent in terms of facile scale-up, oxidant- and catalyst-free conditions, broad substrate scopes, good functional group tolerance, and easily available substrates. Notably, a plausible reaction mechanism was derived from the results of a series of control experiments and CV studies, which indicated that a radical pathway might speed up the thio-Michael addition under constant current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Wu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Haojian Xu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Haiping Zhou
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Pingbing Yu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Zhaoyue Wen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
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2
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Watt SKI, Charlebois JG, Rowley CN, Keillor JW. A mechanistic study of thiol addition to N-acryloylpiperidine. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2204-2212. [PMID: 36808175 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02223k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Nucleophilic cysteine (Cys) residues are present in many enzyme active sites and represent the target of many different irreversible enzyme inhibitors. Given its fine balance between aqueous stability and thiolate reactivity, the acrylamide group is a particularly popular warhead pharmacophore among inhibitors designed for biological and therapeutic application. The acrylamide group is well known to undergo thiol addition, but the precise mechanism of this addition reaction has not been studied in as much detail. In this work we have focussed on the reaction of N-acryloylpiperidine (AcrPip), which represents a motif found in many targeted covalent inhibitor drugs. Using a precise HPLC-based assay, we measured the second order rate constants for the reaction of AcrPip with a panel of thiols possessing different pKa values. This allowed construction of a Brønsted-type plot that reveals the relative insensitivity of the reaction to the nucleophilicity of the thiolate. By studying temperature effects, we were able to construct an Eyring plot from which the enthalpy and entropy of activation were calculated. Ionic strength and solvent kinetic isotope effects were also studied, informing on charge dispersal and proton transfer in the transition state. DFT calculations were also performed, providing information on the potential structure of the activated complex. Taken together, these data strongly support one cohesive addition mechanism that is the microscopic reverse of the E1cb elimination, and highly relevant to the intrinsic thiol selectivity of AcrPip inhibitors and their subsequent design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K I Watt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Janique G Charlebois
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | | | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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3
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Shi H, Zhuang Q, Zheng A, Zhan P, Guan Y, Wei D, Xu X, Wu T. Antibacterial Mechanism of N-PMI and the Characteristics of PMMA-Co-N-PMI Copolymer. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100753. [PMID: 35560720 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at the excellent killing effect of N-phenylmaleimide (N-PMI) on microorganisms, this article used structural simulation analysis, fluorescence analysis, confocal laser scanning microscope and SEM to find that the double bond in N-PMI could interact with the sulfur groups in the membrane protein, changing its conformation, rupturing the plasma membrane of the cell, leaking the contents, and ultimately causing the death of the microorganisms. Therefore, once the double bond participated in the polymerization, N-PMI lost its antimicrobial function. N-PMI could achieve azeotropic copolymerization with MMA through reactive extrusion polymerization. N-PMI with a content of 5 % can be evenly inserted into the PMMA chain segment during the copolymerization reaction, thereby increasing the Tg of pure PMMA by up to 15 °C, which provided the PMMA-co-PMI copolymer with resistance to boiling water sterilization advantageous conditions. In addition, N-PMI with a content of 5 % has little effect on the transparency of PMMA after participating in the copolymerization. Moreover, the trace amount of residual N-PMI made the material have excellent antimicrobial function, and the bacteriostatic zone is extremely small, which provided an excellent guarantee for the safety and durability of the material. As a medical biological material, the PMMA-co-PMI copolymer has a good industrialization application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Shi
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qixin Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Anna Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Pengfei Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yong Guan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dafu Wei
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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4
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Boll LB, Raines RT. Context‐dependence of the Reactivity of Cysteine and Lysine Residues. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200258. [PMID: 35527228 PMCID: PMC9308718 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The S‐alkylation of Cys residues with a maleimide and the Nϵ‐acylation of Lys residues with an N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester are common methods for bioconjugation. Using Cys and Lys derivatives as proxies, we assessed differences in reactivity depending on the position of Cys or Lys in a protein sequence. We find that Cys position is exploitable to improve site‐selectivity in maleimide‐based modifications. Reactivity decreases substantially in the order N‐terminal>in‐chain>C‐terminal Cys due to modulation of sulfhydryl pKa by the α‐ammonium and carboxylate groups at the termini. A lower pKa value yields a larger fraction thiolate, which promotes selectivity while somewhat decreasing thiolate nucleophilicity in accord with βnuc
=0.41. Lowering pH and salt concentration enhances selectivity still further. In contrast, differences in the reactivity of Lys towards an NHS ester were modest due to an appreciable decrease in amino group nucleophilicity with a lower pKa of its conjugate acid. Hence, site‐selective Lys modification protocols will require electrophiles other than NHS esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus B. Boll
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Chemistry 77 Massachusetts Avenue 02139 Cambridge UNITED STATES
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Chemistry 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 18-498 02139-4307 Cambridge UNITED STATES
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5
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Watt SKI, Charlebois JG, Rowley CN, Keillor JW. A mechanistic study of thiol addition to N-phenylacrylamide. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8898-8906. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01369j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Experimental data from a Brønsted-type plot, a solvent kinetic isotope effect, a pH-rate plot and temperature studies are all consistent with rate-limiting nucleophilic attack of thiolate followed by rapid protonation of the enolate adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. I. Watt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Janique G. Charlebois
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Jeffrey W. Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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6
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Sun YH, Han HH, Huang JM, Li J, Zang Y, Wang CY. A long-wavelength fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift for lysosome-targeted imaging of Cys and GSH. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 261:120055. [PMID: 34153552 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biothiols including cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) are biological signaling molecules responsible for cell detoxification, cell metabolism and neutralization of reactive oxygen species. Here, we synthesized a long-wavelength fluorescent probe, DCIMA, for lysosome-targeted imaging of Cys and GSH in living cells. DCIMA is consisted of a dicyanoisophorone core modified with an acrylate group for biothiol detection through the Michael addition reaction and a morpholine group as the lysosome-targeting agent. The presence of the electron-donating morpholine group also enhances the intramolecular charge transfer mechanism of the probe, thereby enabling its long-wavelength fluorescence emission (670 nm) and large Stokes shift (180 nm). In concentration range of 0-30 μM, the probe was determined to react quickly with both Cys and GSH with low detection limits (<5 min, 35.2 nM for GSH and 34.8 nM for Cys) and achieve the sensitive fluorescence imaging of the biothiols located in the lysosomes of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Hai-Hao Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shoujing Rd., Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jia-Min Huang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jia Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shoujing Rd., Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Yi Zang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shoujing Rd., Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Cheng-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
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7
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Costa AM, Bosch L, Petit E, Vilarrasa J. Computational Study of the Addition of Methanethiol to 40+ Michael Acceptors as a Model for the Bioconjugation of Cysteines. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7107-7118. [PMID: 33914532 PMCID: PMC8631706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A long series of Michael acceptors are studied computationally as potential alternatives to the maleimides that are used in most antibody-drug conjugates to link Cys of mAbs with cytotoxic drugs. The products of the reaction of methanethiol (CH3SH/MeSH, as a simple model of Cys) with N-methylated ethynesulfonamide, 2-ethynylpyridinium ion, propynamide, and methyl ethynephosphonamidate (that is, with HC≡C-EWG) are predicted by the M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p) method to be thermodynamically more stable, in relation to their precursors, than that of MeSH with N-methylmaleimide and, in general, with H2C═CH-EWG; calculations with AcCysOMe and tBuSH are also included. However, for the addition of the anion (MeS-), which is the reactive species, the order changes and N-methylated 2-vinylpyridinium ion, 2,3-butadienamide, and maleimide may give more easily the anionic adducts than several activated triple bonds; moreover, the calculated ΔG⧧ values increase following the order HC≡C-SO2NHMe, N-methylmaleimide, HC≡C-PO(OMe)NHMe, and HC≡C-CONHMe. In other words, MeS- is predicted to react more rapidly with maleimides than with ethynephosphonamidates and with propynamides, in agreement with the experimental results. New mechanistic details are disclosed regarding the advantageous use of some amides, especially of ethynesulfonamides, which, however, are more prone to double additions and exchange reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Costa
- Organic
Chemistry Section,
Facultat de Química, Universitat
de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lluís Bosch
- Organic
Chemistry Section,
Facultat de Química, Universitat
de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elena Petit
- Organic
Chemistry Section,
Facultat de Química, Universitat
de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Vilarrasa
- Organic
Chemistry Section,
Facultat de Química, Universitat
de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, Barcelona 08028, Catalonia, Spain
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8
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Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-modified phenolic resin: Synthesis and anti-oxidation properties. E-POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2021-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work, octamercapto polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS-8SH) and octaphenol polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS-8Phenol) were successfully synthetized. POSS-8Phenol was added into the synthesis process of liquid thermoset phenolic resin (PR) to obtain POSS-modified phenolic resin (POSS-PR). Chemical structures of POSS-8SH, POSS-8Phenol, and POSS-PR were confirmed by FTIR and 1H-NMR. TG and DTG analysis under different atmosphere showed that char yield of POSS-PR at 1,000°C increased from 58.6% to 65.2% in N2, which in air increased from 2.3% to 26.9% at 700°C. The maximum pyrolysis temperature in air increased from 543°C to 680°C, which meant better anti-oxidation properties. XRD results confirmed both POSS-8Phenol and POSS-PR-generated crystalline SiO2 in air, which could explain the improvement of anti-oxidation properties. SEM showed that the POSS-PR had phase separation during curing process. Finally, carbon fiber fabric-reinforced POSS-PR (C-POSS-PR) was prepared to verify the anti-oxidation properties of POSS-PR.
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9
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Awoonor-Williams E, Isley WC, Dale SG, Johnson ER, Yu H, Becke AD, Roux B, Rowley CN. Quantum Chemical Methods for Modeling Covalent Modification of Biological Thiols. J Comput Chem 2019; 41:427-438. [PMID: 31512279 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted covalent inhibitor drugs require computational methods that go beyond simple molecular-mechanical force fields in order to model the chemical reactions that occur when they bind to their targets. Here, several semiempirical and density-functional theory (DFT) methods are assessed for their ability to describe the potential energy surface and reaction energies of the covalent modification of a thiol by an electrophile. Functionals such as PBE and B3LYP fail to predict a stable enolate intermediate. This is largely due to delocalization error, which spuriously stabilizes the prereaction complex, in which excess electron density is transferred from the thiolate to the electrophile. Functionals with a high-exact exchange component, range-separated DFT functionals, and variationally optimized exact exchange (i.e., the LC-B05minV functional) correct this issue to various degrees. The large gradient behavior of the exchange enhancement factor is also found to significantly affect the results, leading to the improved performance of PBE0. While ωB97X-D and M06-2X were reasonably accurate, no method provided quantitative accuracy for all three electrophiles, making this a very strenuous test of functional performance. Additionally, one drawback of M06-2X was that molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using this functional were only stable if a fine integration grid was used. The low-cost semiempirical methods, PM3, AM1, and PM7, provide a qualitatively correct description of the reaction mechanism, although the energetics is not quantitatively reliable. As a proof of concept, the potential of mean force for the addition of methylthiolate to methylvinyl ketone was calculated using quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical MD in an explicit polarizable aqueous solvent. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Awoonor-Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - William C Isley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen G Dale
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Erin R Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Haibo Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Axel D Becke
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Benoît Roux
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christopher N Rowley
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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10
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Petit E, Bosch L, Costa AM, Vilarrasa J. (Z)-Oxopropene-1,3-diyl, a Linker for the Conjugation of the Thiol Group of Cysteine with Amino-Derivatized Drugs. J Org Chem 2019; 84:11170-11176. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Petit
- Organic Chemistry Section, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lluís Bosch
- Organic Chemistry Section, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna M. Costa
- Organic Chemistry Section, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Vilarrasa
- Organic Chemistry Section, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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11
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Gao X, Tang L, Huang L, Huang ZS, Ma Y, Wu G. Oxidative Aminoarylselenation of Maleimides via Copper-Catalyzed Four-Component Cross-Coupling. Org Lett 2019; 21:745-748. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyang Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lehao Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zu-Sheng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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