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Gao H, Hu L, Hu Y, Lv X, Wu YB, Lu G. Origins of regioselectivity in Ni-catalyzed hydrofunctionalization of alkenes via ligand-to-ligand hydrogen transfer mechanism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8650-8653. [PMID: 35822288 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02691k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The origins of regioselectivity in Ni-catalyzed alkene hydrofunctionalizations were computationally investigated by using energy decomposition analysis. The results indicate the Markovnikov selectivity with aryl-substituted alkenes is favored due to the stabilizing charge transfer effect, and the anti-Markovnikov selectivity with alkyl-substituted alkenes is favored because of the destabilizing Pauli repulsion effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.
| | - Lingfei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.
| | - Yanlei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.
| | - Xiangying Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Key Lab for Materials of Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province and Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.
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Du P, Zhao J, Liu S, Yue Z. Insights into the nucleophilic substitution of pyridine at an unsaturated carbon center. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24238-24246. [PMID: 35479030 PMCID: PMC9036673 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) is a fundamental reaction that has been widely studied. So far, the nucleophiles are mainly anionic species in SN2 reactions. In this study, we use density functional theory calculations to assess the mechanisms of substitution of carbonyl, imidoyl, and vinyl compounds with a neutral nucleophile, pyridine. Charge decomposition analysis is performed to explore the main components of the transition state's LUMO. For reactions of imidoyl or carbonyl compounds with pyridine or Cl−, the LUMOs of the transition states are composed of mixed orbitals originating from the nucleophile and the substrate. Considering the unique mixed nature of the orbitals, the reaction mode is termed SNm (m means mix). Moreover, the main components of the transition state's LUMO are pure σ*C–Cl MO in the reactions of H2C
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CHCl with pyridine or Cl−. Computations were also performed for RYCHX substrates with different X and Y groups (X= Cl−, Br−, or F−; Y = O, N, or C). The nucleophilic substitution of carbonyl, imidoyl, and vinyl carbon centers with pyridine or halides is investigated in this paper.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Du
- School of Life Science and Chemistry, Jiangsu Second Normal University Nanjing 210013 China
| | - Jiyang Zhao
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University Nanjing 211171 China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University Nanjing 211171 China
| | - Zhen Yue
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University Nanjing 211171 China
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Zhao X, Xu J, Liu C, Zhang D. DFT study of Ni/NHC-catalyzed C–H alkylation of fluoroarenes with alkenes to synthesize fluorotetralins: mechanism, chemoselectivity of C–H vs. C–F bond activation, and regio- and enantioselectivities of C–H bond activation. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01594f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
DFT calculations clarified the mechanism of Ni/NHC-catalyzed C–H alkylation of alkene tethered fluoroarene and rationalized enantio-, regio- and chemoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
| | - Jihong Xu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
| | - Chengbu Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
| | - Dongju Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
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4
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Cooperative effect of hetero-nuclear MnNi+ cation enhancing C–H bond activation of cyclohexane: a theoretical study. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-2562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lu F, Li L, Zhang X, Nie Y, Geng Z. Enhancement of the Catalytic Activities of Heteronuclear Bimetallic Cations for the C-H Bond Activation of Cyclohexane. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10397-10405. [PMID: 31693370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heterometallic cations NiCu+ and CoNi+ can easily induce triple dehydrogenation of cyclohexane with high yield, and monometallic cations Ni+ and Co+ only give rise to double dehydrogenation with low yield. Reaction mechanisms of the six C-H bond activations for cyclohexane are systematically investigated by comparing the difference between bimetallic cations and monometallic ones. Fragment molecular orbital analysis clearly indicates that charge transfer (CT) occurs from the occupied interacting orbital of the metallic cation to the σ*-antibonding orbital of the first, third, and fifth activated C-H bonds in transition states. The synergistic effects of heteronuclear bimetallic cations result in the destabilization of the occupied interacting orbital in bimetallic cations, which raise the reactivity of bimetallic cations and enhance the CT between catalysts and substrates. Contrary to the absence of the third dehydrogenation product in the mononuclear metallic cation catalytic reaction, a significant amount of the third dehydrogenation product is observed in the presence of heteronuclear cations (NiCu+ and CoNi+). π back-bonding between Ni of heteronuclear metallic cations and the substrate cyclohexadiene plays an essential role in lowering the energies of transition states, which accelerate the third dehydrogenation. The reasons why heteronuclear bimetallic cations are more reactive than monometallic ones are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education , Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730070 , P. R. China.,Department of Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering , Gansu Vocational & Technical College of Nonferrous Metallurgy , Jinchang , Gansu 737100 , P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education , Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730070 , P. R. China.,Department of Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering , Gansu Vocational & Technical College of Nonferrous Metallurgy , Jinchang , Gansu 737100 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education , Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730070 , P. R. China
| | - Yuxiu Nie
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education , Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730070 , P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Geng
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education , Northwest Normal University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730070 , P. R. China
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Arun
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur- 741246, West Bengal India
| | - Kingshuk Mahanty
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur- 741246, West Bengal India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical SciencesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur- 741246, West Bengal India
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