1
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Xia D, Shi Y, Jiang L, Li Y, Kong J. Recent advances in the radical cascade reaction for constructing nitrogen heterocycles using azides as radical acceptors. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5511-5523. [PMID: 38904322 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00732h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Due to the high conversion properties, azide compounds are widely utilized in organic synthesis. For instance, azide compounds readily release nitrogen to form a new N-C bond when they function as radical acceptors for the active intermediates in the reaction. Over the past decade, strategies employing azides as radical acceptors to construct nitrogen heterocycles have been extensively developed. This approach has emerged as a crucial method for synthesizing nitrogen heterocycles. Therefore, this paper provides a review of the research advancements in tandem cyclization reactions using azides as radical acceptors, summarizing the process of reaction design, exploration, reasoning of the mechanism, and prospects for further research of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xia
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, P. R. China.
| | - Yun Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, P. R. China.
| | - Liying Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Li
- School of Bioengineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, 232038, P. R. China.
| | - Jianfei Kong
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, P. R. China.
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2
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Doraghi F, Amini A, Ghanbarlou M, Larijani B, Mahdavi M. Metal-free 2-isocyanobiaryl-based cyclization reactions: phenanthridine framework synthesis. Mol Divers 2024; 28:419-435. [PMID: 37847467 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of transition metal-free 2-isocyanobiaryl-based reactions has received much attention due to the widespread presence of phenanthidine frameworks as products in pharmacological chemistry and materials science. This review article focuses on the achievements from 2013 until now in various metal-free catalyzed reactions and discusses challenging mechanisms and features of the transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Doraghi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Amini
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghanbarlou
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Zhou M, Tsien J, Dykstra R, Hughes JME, Peters BK, Merchant RR, Gutierrez O, Qin T. Alkyl sulfinates as cross-coupling partners for programmable and stereospecific installation of C(sp 3) bioisosteres. Nat Chem 2023; 15:550-559. [PMID: 36864142 PMCID: PMC10838399 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a variety of cycloalkyl groups with quaternary carbons, in particular cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl trifluoromethyl groups, have emerged as promising bioisosteres in drug-like molecules. The modular installation of such bioisosteres remains challenging to synthetic chemists. Alkyl sulfinate reagents have been developed as radical precursors to prepare functionalized heterocycles with the desired alkyl bioisosteres. However, the innate (radical) reactivity of this transformation poses reactivity and regioselectivity challenges for the functionalization of any aromatic or heteroaromatic scaffold. Here we showcase the ability of alkyl sulfinates to engage in sulfurane-mediated C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling, thereby allowing for programmable and stereospecific installation of these alkyl bioisosteres. The ability of this method to simplify retrosynthetic analysis is exemplified by the improved synthesis of multiple medicinally relevant scaffolds. Experimental studies and theoretical calculations for the mechanism of this sulfur chemistry reveal a ligand-coupling trend under alkyl Grignard activation via the sulfurane intermediate, stabilized by solvation of tetrahydrofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jet Tsien
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ryan Dykstra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan M E Hughes
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Byron K Peters
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Rohan R Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.
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4
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Li J, Wang S, Zhao J, Li P. Visible Light-Promoted Radical-Mediated Ring-Opening/Cyclization of Vinyl Benzotriazoles: An Alternative Approach to Phenanthridines. Org Lett 2022; 24:5977-5981. [PMID: 35943433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A visible light-promoted radical-mediated ring-opening/cyclization of vinyl benzotriazoles has been developed. The method provides an efficient and practical approach to synthesize functionalized phenanthridines from vinyl benzotriazoles with alkyl bromides under mild conditions. Significantly, the readily available and bench-stable vinyl benzotriazoles can serve as valuable alternative radical acceptors during the synthesis of phenanthridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shichong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
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5
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Yuan S, Ye X, Cai J, Song Z, Tan Y, Peng Y, Ding Q. DMF-Assisted Radical Cyclization of o-Isocyanodiaryl Ethers via 1,5-Aryl Migration: Construction of 2-Arylbenzoxazoles. J Org Chem 2021; 87:1485-1492. [PMID: 34967643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel DMF-assisted radical cyclization of o-isocyanodiaryl ethers via 1,5-aryl migration has been developed for the synthesis of a series of 2-arylbenzoxazoles by the FeCl3/TBHP/Et3N catalytic system in DMF. However, N,N-dimethylbenzo[d]thiazole-2-carboxamide and N,N-dimethylbenzo[d]selenazole-2-carboxamide were obtained from the corresponding substrate 2-isocyanophenyl p-methoxyphenyl thioether and 2-isocyanodiphenyl selenoether under the same conditions. A possible mechanism may involve aryl 1,5-migration and DMF-assisted radical cyclization of o-isocyanodiaryl ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitian Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xiaoling Ye
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Jingyu Cai
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Zhibin Song
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yuxing Tan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yiyuan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Qiuping Ding
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
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6
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Nakamura K, Kobayashi E, Moriyama K, Togo H. Preparation of 6-substituted phenanthridines from o-biaryl ketoximes via the Beckmann rearrangement. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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López-Mendoza P, Miranda LD. Photocatalytic xanthate-based radical addition/cyclization reaction sequence toward 2-biphenyl isocyanides: synthesis of 6-alkylated phenanthridines. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:3487-3491. [PMID: 32347280 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00136h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A photocatalytic xanthate-based radical addition/cyclization reaction cascade toward 2-biphenylisocyanides is described as a practical and modular approach to 6-alkylated phenanthridines. The use of xanthates as radical precursors allowed the synthesis of diversely 6-substituted phenanthridines. Electrophilic radicals derived from nitriles, aromatic and aliphatic ketones, malonates, and amide derivatives, as well as radicals derived from phthalimidomethyl and benzylic derivatives were successfully introduced. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions without a stoichiometric amount of oxidant. Thirty novel phenanthridine scaffolds were synthesized with yields ranging from 24 to 76%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro López-Mendoza
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S. N., Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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8
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Luo Z, Li R, Zhu T, Liu C, Feng H, Aboagye Nartey K, Liu Q, Xu X. Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidative Decabonylation/Radical Cyclization of Aliphatic Aldehydes with Biphenyl Isocyanides: A New Pathway For the Synthesis of 6‐Alkylphenanthridines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaigang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines College of Chemical Engineering AnHui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 P. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines College of Chemical Engineering AnHui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines College of Chemical Engineering AnHui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 P. R. China
| | - Chen‐Fu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science Gannan Medical University Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
| | - Haoran Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines College of Chemical Engineering AnHui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 P. R. China
| | - Kojo Aboagye Nartey
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines College of Chemical Engineering AnHui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 P. R. China
| | - Qiannan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines College of Chemical Engineering AnHui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines College of Chemical Engineering AnHui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 P. R. China
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9
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Preparation of phenanthridines from N-(o-arylbenzyl)trifluoromethanesulfonamides with 1,3-diiodo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Merging single-electron transfer and energy transfer processes of photocatalyst: An atom economical strategy for the synthesis of 1-trifluoroethylated isoquinolines from cis and trans vinyl isocyanides. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Liu MC, Liu W, Wu HY, Zhou YB, Ding Q, Peng Y. Transition-metal-free synthesis of CMe2CF3-containing chroman-4-ones via decarboxylative trifluoroalkylation. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01283d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(NH4)2S2O8-mediated decarboxylative trifluoroalkylation of alkenes with 3,3,3-trifluoro-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid under metal-free conditions has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- China
| | - Hua-Yue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- China
| | - Yun-Bing Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou 325035
- China
| | - Qiuping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- China
| | - Yiyuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules
- Ministry of Education
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- China
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12
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Kobayashi E, Kishi A, Togo H. 6-Arylphenanthridines from Aryl o
-Biaryl Ketones with 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexamethyldisilazane and Molecular Iodine. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Science; Chiba University; Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku 263-8522 Chiba Japan
| | - Atsushi Kishi
- Graduate School of Science; Chiba University; Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku 263-8522 Chiba Japan
| | - Hideo Togo
- Graduate School of Science; Chiba University; Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku 263-8522 Chiba Japan
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13
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Khaikate O, Inthalaeng N, Meesin J, Kantarod K, Pohmakotr M, Reutrakul V, Soorukram D, Leowanawat P, Kuhakarn C. Synthesis of Indolo- and Benzothieno[2,3-b]quinolines by a Cascade Cyclization of o-Alkynylisocyanobenzene Derivatives. J Org Chem 2019; 84:15131-15144. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Onnicha Khaikate
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Natthamon Inthalaeng
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Meesin
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kritchasorn Kantarod
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Manat Pohmakotr
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Vichai Reutrakul
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Darunee Soorukram
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chutima Kuhakarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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14
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Zhou MD, Peng Z, Li L, Wang H. Visible-light-promoted organic dye catalyzed perfluoroalkylation of hydrazones under mild conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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