1
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Pramanik S, Das AK, Debnath S, Maity S. Introducing Alkyl Selenocyanates as Bifunctional Reagents in Photoredox Catalysis: Divergent Access to Ambident Isomers of -SeCN. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39172107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Owing to their diverse biological activities and versatility as synthetic precursors, organoselonocyanes categorize themselves as vital compounds. However, a limited reagent pool restricts their utility. In the present work, alkyl selenocyanates are hereby established as new bifunctional reagents for the simultaneous transfer of an alkyl group in addition to -SeCN. These reagents, when merged with photocatalysis, provide a key to accessing organoselenocyanates from feedstock olefins in an efficient and atom-economic fashion. A route to the analogous isoselenocyanate isomers facilitated by Lewis acid catalysis is also reported, presenting a divergent strategy for accessing both ambident isomers of -SeCN in an efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamal Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
| | - Avik Kr Das
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
| | - Saradindu Debnath
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
| | - Soumitra Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
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2
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Hoque IU, Samanta A, Pramanik S, Chowdhury SR, Lo R, Maity S. Photocascade chemoselective controlling of ambident thio(seleno)cyanates with alkenes via catalyst modulation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5739. [PMID: 38982050 PMCID: PMC11233607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling the ambident reactivity of thiocyanates in reaction manifolds has been a long-standing and formidable challenge. We report herein a photoredox strategy for installing thiocyanates and isothiocyanates in a controlled chemoselective fashion by manipulating the ambident-SCN through catalyst modulation. The methodology allows redox-, and pot-economical 'on-demand' direct access to both hydrothiophene and pyrrolidine heterocycles from the same feedstock alkenes and bifunctional thiocyanomalonates in a photocascade sequence. Its excellent chemoselectivity profile was further expanded to access Se- and N-heterocycles by harnessing selenonitriles. Redox capability of the catalysts, which dictates the substrates to participate in a single or cascade catalytic cycle, was proposed as the key to the present chemodivergency of this process. In addition, detailed mechanistic insights are provided by a conjugation of extensive control experiments and dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Injamam Ul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Apurba Samanta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Shyamal Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Soumyadeep Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Rabindranath Lo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo námĕstí 542/2, Prague, 160 000, Czech Republic
| | - Soumitra Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India.
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3
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Ren X, Zhang T, Wang B, Jin W, Xia Y, Wu S, Liu C, Zhang Y. Visible-Light-Driven Bifunctional Photocatalytic Radical-Cascade Selenocyanation/Cyclization of Acrylamides with KSeCN. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5783-5796. [PMID: 38591967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced radical-cascade selenocyanation/cyclization of N-alkyl-N-methacryloyl benzamides, 2-aryl-N-acryloyl indoles, and N-methacryloyl-2-phenylbenzimidazoles with potassium isoselenocyanate (KSeCN) was developed. The reactions were carried out with inexpensive KSeCN as a selenocyanation reagent, potassium persulfate as an oxidant, 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate as a bifunctional catalyst for phase-transfer catalysis, and photocatalysis. A library of selenocyanate-containing isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones, indolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline-6(5H)-ones, and benzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones were achieved in moderate to excellent yields at room temperature under visible-light and ambient conditions. Importantly, the present protocol features mild reaction conditions, large-scale synthesis, simple manipulation, product derivatization, good functional group, and heterocycle tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ren
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Jin
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Shaofeng Wu
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Chenjiang Liu
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Urumqi Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
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4
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Chen L, Li Y, Bai X, Dong D, Pan M, Huang L, Huang R, Long X, Li Y. Ru(OAc) 3-Catalyzed Regioselective Difunctionalization of Alkynes: Access to ( E)-2-Bromo-1-alkenyl Sulfonates. Org Lett 2023; 25:7025-7029. [PMID: 37708078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
A new approach is proposed for the divergent and regioselective synthesis of (E)-2-bromo-1-phenylvinyl trifluoromethanesulfonates through alkyne difunctionalization by employing a compatible system of abundantly available alkynes, N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) catalyzed by ruthenium(III) acetate [Ru(OAc)3]. It is a novel method for the preparation of vinyl triflate and it offers a fundamental basis for the development of advanced functional compounds, including drugs and organic functional materials. Unlike previously reported methods, the proposed protocol can tolerate a broad range of functional groups. Alkynes derived from bioactive molecules, such as l(-)-borneol, demonstrate the potential value of this new reaction in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Ya Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Xiaoyan Bai
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Dian Dong
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Meiwei Pan
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Ling Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Runqin Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Xiaotong Long
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Yibiao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Science, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
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5
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Choi YR, Lee SB, Lee JK, Kwak Y, An H, Choi S, Hong KB. Thio(seleno)cyano-difluoroalkylation of Alkenes Using Visible-Light Photocatalysis. Org Lett 2023; 25:3564-3567. [PMID: 37155717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A mild and efficient three-component thio(seleno)cyano-difluoroalkylation of simple alkenes is demonstrated using an iridium(ruthenium) photocatalyst. This protocol provides a direct and regioselective installation of both C-S(Se)CN [thio(seleno)cyanation] and C-CF (difluoroalkylation) bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Rin Choi
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Beom Lee
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyun Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonna Kwak
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongchan An
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwook Choi
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bum Hong
- New Drug Development Center (NDDC), Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
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6
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Das R, Kundu T, Basumatary J. Visible light mediated organocatalytic dehydrogenative aza-coupling of 1,3-diones using aryldiazonium salts. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3147-3154. [PMID: 36756411 PMCID: PMC9853514 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07807d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient protocol for diazenylation of 1,3-diones under photoredox conditions is presented herein. C-N bond forming Csp3 -H functionalization of cyclic and alkyl diones by unstable aryl diazenyl radicals is achieved through reaction with aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates by organocatalysts under visible light irradiation. The reaction has wide substrate scope, gives excellent yields, and is also efficient in water as a green solvent. This method provides an easy access to aryldiazenyl derivatives that are useful key starting materials for the synthesis of aza heterocycles as well as potential pharmacophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanand Das
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Sikkim Ravangla, South Sikkim PIN 737139 India
| | - Taraknath Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Sikkim Ravangla, South Sikkim PIN 737139 India
| | - Joneswar Basumatary
- Department of Chemistry, Sikkim University Tadong, Daragaon, East Sikkim Gangtok PIN 737102 India
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7
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Mulina OM, Bityukov OV, Vil’ VA, Terent’ev AO. Photo- and Electrochemically Initiated Thiocyanation Reactions. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022120028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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8
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Kharlamova AD, Abel AS, Averin AD, Beletskaya IP. Trifluoroethoxylation of Styrenes via Photoredox-Catalyzed Meerwein Reaction. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022090019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Kumar R, Jain VK, Jain N. Photoredox Hydroxy-arylation of the Terminal Double Bond of N-Substituted 3-Methyleneisoindolin-1-ones in Visible Light. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11939-11946. [PMID: 36041118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mild and efficient ruthenium-catalyzed hydroxy-arylation of the terminal double bond of N-substituted 3-methyleneisoindolin-1-ones is described. The reaction takes place with aryl diazonium salt as the arylating reagent and water as the hydroxyl source in visible light at ambient temperature. The strategy entails vicinal difunctionalization of alkene and enables construction of 3-benzyl-3-hydroxyisoindolin-1-one heterocyclic scaffolds in moderate to good yields. C-C and C-O bonds are formed in one pot without any external additive and oxidant through an in situ generation of a carbocation intermediate in green light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Nidhi Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
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10
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Samanta A, Pramanik S, Mondal S, Maity S. Zinc acetate-promoted blocking of the ATRA process with alkyl halides enabling photochemical alkylamination of olefins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8400-8403. [PMID: 35796040 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02574d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic photoredox-catalyzed alkylamination of olefins is performed with alkyl halides and nitrile solvent by blocking the traditional photoredox-ATRA process with Zn(OAc)2. A range of carbon-centered radicals (α-alkylcarbonyl, benzyl, cyanomethyl) are effectively participating in this strategy giving rise to versatile carboamination products with high synthetic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Samanta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
| | - Shyamal Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
| | - Subhashis Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
| | - Soumitra Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
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11
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Karmaker PG, huo F. Organic Selenocyanates: Rapid Advancements and Applications in the Field of Organic Chemistry. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pran Gopal Karmaker
- Neijiang Normal University Chemistry & Chemical Engineering 705#, Dongtong Road, Neijiang, China, 641100Neijiang Normal University 641100 Neijiang CHINA
| | - feng huo
- Neijiang Normal University Chemistry Dongtong Rood #705 641100 Neijiang CHINA
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12
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Coppola GA, Pillitteri S, Van der Eycken EV, You SL, Sharma UK. Multicomponent reactions and photo/electrochemistry join forces: atom economy meets energy efficiency. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2313-2382. [PMID: 35244107 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00510c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light photoredox catalysis has been regarded as an extremely powerful tool in organic chemistry, bringing the spotlight back to radical processes. The versatility of photocatalyzed reactions has already been demonstrated to be effective in providing alternative routes for cross-coupling as well as multicomponent reactions. The photocatalyst allows the generation of high-energy intermediates through light irradiation rather than using highly reactive reagents or harsh reaction conditions. In a similar vein, organic electrochemistry has experienced a fruitful renaissance as a tool for generating reactive intermediates without the need for any catalyst. Such milder approaches pose the basis toward higher selectivity and broader applicability. In photocatalyzed and electrochemical multicomponent reactions, the generation of the radical species acts as a starter of the cascade of events. This allows for diverse reactivity and the use of reagents is usually not covered by classical methods. Owing to the availability of cheaper and more standardized photo- and electrochemical reactors, as well as easily scalable flow-setups, it is not surprising that these two fields have become areas of increased research interest. Keeping these in view, this review is aimed at providing an overview of the synthetic approaches in the design of MCRs involving photoredox catalysis and/or electrochemical activation as a crucial step with particular focus on the choice of the difunctionalized reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo A Coppola
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Serena Pillitteri
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Erik V Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium. .,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Upendra K Sharma
- Laboratory for Organic & Microwave-Assisted Chemistry (LOMAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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13
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Heinrich MR, Diesendorf N. Current Advances in Meerwein-type Radical Alkene Functionalizations. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlkene functionalizations via Meerwein arylations are becoming increasingly attractive, especially since a variety of mild and sustainable methods for aryl radical generation are available today. This entails a broad spectrum of substrates and radical scavengers, as well as convenient synthetic routes to relevant precursors for further transformations. The present review focuses on recent advances in Meerwein-type alkene functionalizations and gives insights into the key mechanistic details of the respective reactions.1 Introduction2 Hydroarylation and Carboarylation3 Carboamination, Carbooxygenation, and Carbothiolation4 Carbohalogenation5 Conclusion and Outlook
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14
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Karmaker PG, Alam MA, Huo F. Recent advances in photochemical and electrochemically induced thiocyanation: a greener approach for SCN-containing compound formation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6214-6233. [PMID: 35424569 PMCID: PMC8981651 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09060g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Techniques utilizing photo- and electrochemically induced reactions have been developed to accelerate organic processes. These techniques use light or electrical energy (electron transfer) as a direct energy source without using an initiator or reagent. Thiocyanates are found in biologically active and pharmacological compounds and can be converted into various functional groups. It is one of the most prominent organic scaffolds. Significant development in photo- and electro-chemically induced thiocyanation procedures has been made in recent years for the conception of carbon-sulfur bonds and synthesis of pharmaceutically important molecules. This review discusses different photo- and electro-chemically driven thiocyanation C(sp3)-SCN, C(sp2)-SCN, and C(sp)-SCN bond conception processes that may be useful to green organothiocyanate synthesis. We focus on the synthetic and mechanistic characteristics of organic photo- and electrochemically accelerated C-SCN bond formation thiocyanation reactions to highlight major advances in this novel green and sustainable research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pran Gopal Karmaker
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analytical Testing Center, Institute of Micro & Nano Intelligent Sensing, Neijiang Normal University Neijiang 641100 P. R. China
| | - Md Asraful Alam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 Henan China
| | - Feng Huo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Analytical Testing Center, Institute of Micro & Nano Intelligent Sensing, Neijiang Normal University Neijiang 641100 P. R. China
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15
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Kaushal J, Singh S, Nautiyal D, Rao GK, Singh AK, Kumar A. Click chemistry in the synthesis of catalytically relevant organoselenium compounds: development and applications of catalysts for organic synthesis. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02364d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Use of click chemistry in synthesizing organoselenium compounds and the applications of metal complexes of such compounds as catalysts for various chemical transformations have been critically analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolly Kaushal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences (SoPS), Doon University, Dehradun-248012, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Siddhant Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences (SoPS), Doon University, Dehradun-248012, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Divyanshu Nautiyal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences (SoPS), Doon University, Dehradun-248012, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gyandshwar Kumar Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, Haryana 122413, India
| | - Ajai K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences (SoPS), Doon University, Dehradun-248012, Uttarakhand, India
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16
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Zhang K, Liang T, Wang Y, He C, Hu M, Duan XH, Liu L. Oxidative thiocyanation of allylic alcohols: an easy access to allylic thiocyanates with K2S2O8 and NH4SCN. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01710a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A practical method for the synthesis of allylic thioacyanates from allylic alcohols was disclosed employing K2S2O8 as the oxidant and NH4SCN as the thiocyanate source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tianbing Liang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Chonglong He
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Mingyou Hu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Le Liu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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17
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18
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Zhao X, Ji L, Gao Y, Sun T, Qiao J, Li A, Lu K. Visible-Light-Promoted Selenocyanation of Cyclobutanone Oxime Esters Using Potassium Selenocyanate. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11399-11406. [PMID: 34365792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the visible-light-promoted selenocyanation of cyclobutanone oxime esters using potassium selenocyanate in the presence of a fac-Ir(ppy)3 catalyst for the first time. Because of the mild conditions employed and use of readily accessible potassium selenocyanate, this method is an effective and green strategy for the synthesis of cyano and selenocyano bifunctional substituted alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China, 300387
| | - Liangshuo Ji
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China, 300387
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China, 300387
| | - Tengteng Sun
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China, 300387
| | - Jiamin Qiao
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China, 300387
| | - Ankun Li
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China, 300387
| | - Kui Lu
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China, 300457
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19
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Singh D, Chowdhury SR, Pramanik S, Maity S. Molecular iodine enabled generation of iminyl radicals from oximes: A facile route to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and its regioselective C-3 sulfenylated products from simple pyridines. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Mo F, Qiu D, Zhang L, Wang J. Recent Development of Aryl Diazonium Chemistry for the Derivatization of Aromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5741-5829. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanyang Mo
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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21
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Babu SS, Muthuraja P, Yadav P, Gopinath P. Aryldiazonium Salts in Photoredox Catalysis – Recent Trends. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sakamuri Sarath Babu
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati Tirupati, A.P. India
| | - P. Muthuraja
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati Tirupati, A.P. India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati Tirupati, A.P. India
| | - Purushothaman Gopinath
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati Tirupati, A.P. India
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22
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Zhang X, Mei Y, Li Y, Hu J, Huang D, Bi Y. Visible‐Light‐Mediated Functionalization of Aryl Diazonium Salts. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Lishui University No. 1, Xueyuan Road Lishui City 323000 Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao Mei
- Department of Chemistry Lishui University No. 1, Xueyuan Road Lishui City 323000 Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Department of Chemistry Lishui University No. 1, Xueyuan Road Lishui City 323000 Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Jingang Hu
- Department of Chemistry Lishui University No. 1, Xueyuan Road Lishui City 323000 Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Dayun Huang
- Department of Chemistry Lishui University No. 1, Xueyuan Road Lishui City 323000 Zhejiang Province P. R. China
| | - Yicheng Bi
- Qingdao University of Science & Technology
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23
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Bugaenko DI, Volkov AA, Karchava AV, Yurovskaya MA. Generation of aryl radicals by redox processes. Recent progress in the arylation methodology. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Arylation methods based on the generation and use of aryl radicals have been a rapidly growing field of research in recent years and currently represent a powerful strategy for carbon – carbon and carbon – heteroatom bond formation. The progress in this field is related to advances in the methods for generation of aryl radicals. The currently used aryl radical precursors include aryl halides, aryldiazonium and diaryliodonium salts, arylcarboxylic acids and their derivatives, arylboronic acids, arylhydrazines, organosulfur(II, VI) compounds and some other compounds. Aryl radicals are generated under mild conditions by single electron reduction or oxidation of precursors induced by conventional reagents, visible light or electric current. A crucial role in the development of the radical arylation methodology belongs to photoredox processes either catalyzed by transition metal complexes or organic dyes or proceeding without catalysts. Unlike the conventional transition metal-catalyzed arylation methods, radical arylation reactions proceed very often at room temperature and have high functional group tolerance. Without claiming to be exhaustive, this review covers the most important advances of the current decade in the generation and synthetic applications of (het)aryl radicals. Examples of reactions are given and mechanistic insights are highlighted.
The bibliography includes 341 references.
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24
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Hosseini-Sarvari M, Valikhani A. Boron-doped TiO 2 (B-TiO 2): visible-light photocatalytic difunctionalization of alkenes and alkynes. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01752g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Boron-doped TiO2 (B-TiO2) was prepared, characterized, and applied as a reusable, inexpensive, and available heterogeneous nanophotocatalyst under visible light for the synthesis of phenacyl thiocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Hosseini-Sarvari
- Department of Chemistry
- Nano Photocatalysis Lab
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz 7194684795
- Iran
| | - Atefe Valikhani
- Department of Chemistry
- Nano Photocatalysis Lab
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz 7194684795
- Iran
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25
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Roy Chowdhury S, Singh D, Hoque IU, Maity S. Organic Dye-Catalyzed Intermolecular Radical Coupling of α-Bromocarbonyls with Olefins: Photocatalytic Synthesis of 1,4-Ketocarbonyls Using Air as an Oxidant. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13939-13950. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepak Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, JH 826004, India
| | - Injamam Ul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, JH 826004, India
| | - Soumitra Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, JH 826004, India
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26
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Engl S, Reiser O. Copper Makes the Difference: Visible Light-Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Addition Reactions of Iodoform with Olefins. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Engl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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27
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Alam T, Rakshit A, Begum P, Dahiya A, Patel BK. Visible-Light-Induced Difunctionalization of Styrenes: Synthesis of N-Hydroxybenzimidoyl Cyanides. Org Lett 2020; 22:3728-3733. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tipu Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Amitava Rakshit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Pakiza Begum
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Anjali Dahiya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Bhisma K. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati 781039, India
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28
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Wang H, Gao Y, Zhou C, Li G. Visible-Light-Driven Reductive Carboarylation of Styrenes with CO2 and Aryl Halides. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8122-8129. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuzhen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Chunlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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29
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Mir BA, Rajamanickam S, Begum P, Patel BK. Copper(I) Catalyzed Differential Peroxidation of Terminal and Internal Alkenes Using TBHP. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad Mir
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; North Guwahati -781039 Assam India
| | - Suresh Rajamanickam
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; North Guwahati -781039 Assam India
| | - Pakiza Begum
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; North Guwahati -781039 Assam India
| | - Bhisma K. Patel
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; North Guwahati -781039 Assam India
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30
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Wei W, Liao L, Qin T, Zhao X. Access to Saturated Thiocyano-Containing Azaheterocycles via Selenide-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Thiocyanoaminocyclization of Alkenes. Org Lett 2019; 21:7846-7850. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Lihao Liao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Tian Qin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
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31
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Wu HQ, Yang K, Luo SH, Wu XY, Wang N, Chen SH, Wang ZY. C4-Selective Synthesis of Vinyl Thiocyanates and Selenocyanates Through 3,4-Dihalo-2(5H
)-furanones. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Qing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Environment; Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; South China Normal University; 510006 Guangzhou People′s Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Xiamen University; 361005 Xiamen People′s Republic of China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Chemistry and Environment; Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; South China Normal University; 510006 Guangzhou People′s Republic of China
- College of Pharmacy; Gannan Medical University; 341000 Ganzhou People′s Republic of China
| | - Shi-He Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environment; Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; South China Normal University; 510006 Guangzhou People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; 381 Wushan Road 510640 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Environment; Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; South China Normal University; 510006 Guangzhou People′s Republic of China
| | - Neng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environment; Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; South China Normal University; 510006 Guangzhou People′s Republic of China
| | - Si-Hong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environment; Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; South China Normal University; 510006 Guangzhou People′s Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environment; Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; South China Normal University; 510006 Guangzhou People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; 381 Wushan Road 510640 Guangzhou People's Republic of China
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32
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Chen YJ, He YH, Guan Z. Metal-free visible-light-promoted thiocyanation/cyclization cascade for the synthesis of thiocyanato-containing isoquinolinediones. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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