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Satta M, Passarini F, Cespi D, Ciacci L. Advantages and drawbacks of life cycle assessment application to the pharmaceuticals: a short critical literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33964-w. [PMID: 38898347 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33964-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are among the most challenging products to assess by life cycle assessment (LCA). The main drawback highlighted by LCA practitioners is the lack of inventory data, both regarding the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) precursors (upstream) and the details concerning the downstream phases (use and end of life). A short critical review of pharma-LCAs found in the literature is here proposed, with discussion of several tools and models used to predict the environmental impacts derived from the life cycle of pharmaceuticals, emphasizing current strengths and weaknesses, and exploring the possibilities for improvements. The case of antibiotics is selected as a representative class of pharmaceuticals, due to their massive use worldwide and the growing related issue of antimicrobial resistance enrichment, which is generally not included in most of LCAs. Also, we comment on drafting product category rules (PCRs) in the relevant field to develop standard methodologies and enhance the comparability of the studies, ultimately advocating collaboration with companies and improving inventory data quality and availability for the whole value chain of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Satta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 85, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Passarini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 85, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre of Industrial Research "Renewable Resources, Environment, Sea and Energy", University of Bologna, Via Angherà 22, 47922, Rimini, Italy
| | - Daniele Cespi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 85, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Centre of Industrial Research "Renewable Resources, Environment, Sea and Energy", University of Bologna, Via Angherà 22, 47922, Rimini, Italy.
| | - Luca Ciacci
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 85, 40136, Bologna, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre of Industrial Research "Renewable Resources, Environment, Sea and Energy", University of Bologna, Via Angherà 22, 47922, Rimini, Italy
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Deng L, Deichert JA, Nguyen S, Young IS, Han C. Synthesis of 3-Functionalized 4-Quinolones from Readily Available Anthranilic Acids. Org Lett 2023; 25:6710-6714. [PMID: 37668573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
We report herein an efficient synthesis of 3-functionalized 4-quinolones, a class of privileged pharmacophores found in numerous biologically and pharmaceutically active compounds. Our synthetic strategy features a telescoped two-step sequence starting from readily available anthranilic acids and functionalized methane derivatives bearing an electron-withdrawing group, such as methyl sulfones, methyl ketones, and acetonitrile. The method delivers good to excellent yields for a variety of structurally diverse substrates, showing good functional group tolerability. We believe that the disclosed method offers a highly efficient and practical entry to functionalized 4-quinolones under mild conditions that is amenable to preparative-scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Deng
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julie A Deichert
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sierra Nguyen
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ian S Young
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chong Han
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Ashitha KT, Krishna A, Basavaraja D, Sasidhar BS. Recent Advances in the Transition Metal-Free Synthesis of Heterocycles from α, β-Unsaturated Ketones. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00278g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are an inevitable part of our life. These important classes of molecules have a wide range of applications starting from life-sustaining drugs to agrochemicals. Numerous methods, including metal...
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Sagandira CR, Khasipo AZ, Watts P. Total Synthesis of Glipizide and Glibenclamide in Continuous Flow. Chemistry 2021; 27:16028-16035. [PMID: 34633700 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glipizide and glibenclamide remain some of the widely prescribed antidiabetic sulfonylurea drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Herein the authors report on an isocyanate-free synthetic procedure towards the preparation of these on demand drugs at multigram scale using continuous flow technology. The safety concern over the use of isocyanates in most of the existing synthetic routes was dealt with in this present work by using N-carbamates synthesised in situ from activation of amines with chloroformates as safer alternatives. An overall yield of 80-85 % was obtained for the semi-telescoped steps within 10 min total residence time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloudius R Sagandira
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Agnes Z Khasipo
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Paul Watts
- Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
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Sun M, Li J, Liang C, Shan C, Shen X, Cheng R, Ma Y, Ye J. Practical and rapid construction of 2-pyridyl ketone library in continuous flow. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Fülöp Z, Szemesi P, Bana P, Éles J, Greiner I. Evolution of flow-oriented design strategies in the continuous preparation of pharmaceuticals. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the flow-oriented design (FOD) in the multi-step continuous-flow synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Fülöp
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Péter Szemesi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
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