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Wehrle R, Rosen A, Nguyen TV, Koons K, Jump E, Bullard M, Wehrle N, Stockfish A, Hare PM, Atesin A, Ateşin TA, Ma L. Investigation on the Synthesis, Application and Structural Features of Heteroaryl 1,2-Diketones. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:26650-26660. [PMID: 35936472 PMCID: PMC9352158 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A set of unsymmetrical heteroaryl 1,2-diketones were synthesized by a heteroarylation/oxidation sequence with up to 65% isolated yields. Palladium catalyst XPhos Pd G4 and SeO2 were the key reagents used in this methodology, and microwave irradiation was utilized to facilitate an efficient and ecofriendly process. The application of heteroaryl 1,2-diketones is demonstrated through the synthesis of an unsymmetrical 2-phenyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)quinoxaline (5a) from 1-phenyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione (4a). The lowest energy conformations of 4a and 5a were located using Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the M06-2X/def2-TZVP level of theory. Two lowest energy conformations of 4a differ with respect to the position of the N atom in the pyridyl ring and 0.27 kcal/mol energy difference between them corresponds to 60.4 and 39.6% at 50 °C in toluene. Four lowest energy conformations for 5a have the energy differences of 0.01, 0.03 and 0.07 kcal/mol that corresponds to 26.0, 25.7, 24.9 and 23.4%, respectively. A comparison of 4a and 5a to the less hindered analogs (oxalyl chloride and oxalic acid) is used to investigate the structural features and bonding using Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
J. Wehrle
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern
Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United
States
| | - Alexander Rosen
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern
Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United
States
| | - Thu Vu Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern
Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United
States
| | - Kalyn Koons
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern
Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United
States
| | - Eric Jump
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern
Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United
States
| | - Mason Bullard
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern
Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United
States
| | - Natalie Wehrle
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern
Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United
States
| | - Adam Stockfish
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern
Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United
States
| | - Patrick M. Hare
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern
Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United
States
| | - Abdurrahman Atesin
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio
Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78541, United
States
| | - Tülay A. Ateşin
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio
Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas 78541, United
States
| | - Lili Ma
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern
Kentucky University, Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, Kentucky 41099, United
States
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2
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Gu Y, Zhang Z, Wang YE, Dai Z, Yuan Y, Xiong D, Li J, Walsh PJ, Mao J. Benzylic Aroylation of Toluenes Mediated by a LiN(SiMe 3) 2/Cs + System. J Org Chem 2021; 87:406-418. [PMID: 34958592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemoselective deprotonative functionalization of benzylic C-H bonds is challenging, because the arene ring contains multiple aromatic C(sp2)-H bonds, which can be competitively deprotonated and lead to selectivity issues. Recently it was found that bimetallic [MN(SiMe3)2 M = Li, Na]/Cs+ combinations exhibit excellent benzylic selectivity. Herein, is reported the first deprotonative addition of toluenes to Weinreb amides mediated by LiN(SiMe3)2/CsF for the synthesis of a diverse array of 2-arylacetophenones. Surprisingly, simple methyl benzoates also react with toluenes under similar conditions to form 2-arylacetophenones without double addition to give tertiary alcohol products. This finding greatly increases the practicality and impact of this chemistry. Some challenging substrates with respect to benzylic deprotonations, such as fluoro and methoxy substituted toluenes, are selectively transformed to 2-aryl acetophenones. The value of benzylic deprotonation of 3-fluorotoluene is demonstrated by the synthesis of a key intermediate in the preparation of Polmacoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyun Gu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yan-En Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Ziteng Dai
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yaqi Yuan
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xiong
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, No. 48, Huzhou Road, Hangzhou 310015, P. R. China
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Jianyou Mao
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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Deka B, Rastogi GK, Deb ML, Baruah PK. Ten Years of Glory in the α-Functionalizations of Acetophenones: Progress Through Kornblum Oxidation and C-H Functionalization. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 380:1. [PMID: 34746982 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review article focuses on the α-functionalization of acetophenones involving Kornblum oxidation and C-H functionalizations. Although various other strategies, such as classical approaches, enamine approaches and umpolung strategy are also known for this functionalization, here we discuss mainly the Kornblum oxidation approach and C-H functionalization strategy as they have advantages over the others. In Kornblum oxidation, the reaction uses iodine and dimethylsulfoxide and proceeds through the formation of arylglyoxal as the key intermediate. In C-H functionalization, the reaction requires metal, or metal-free catalyst, and generates radical intermediate in most cases. α-Functionalization of acetophenones is very important because of their huge applications in the synthesis of various natural products and pharmaceuticals and, therefore, a number of research articles have been published in this area. However, no review articles are available so far. In this article, we present a succinct discussion of various important and novel reactions, along with their mechanisms, published since 2012 to date. We believe that this first review article in this field will give readers one-stop information on this topic and encourage further intriguing work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Deka
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India
| | - Gaurav K Rastogi
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India
| | - Mohit L Deb
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India
| | - Pranjal K Baruah
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India.
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Cai T, Shen F, Ni Y, Xu H, Shen R, Gao Y. Cascade Radical Annulation of 2-Alkynylthio(seleno)anisoles with Acetone or Acetonitrile: Synthesis of 3-Acetomethyl- or Cyanomethyl-Substituted Benzothio(seleno)phenes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1002-1011. [PMID: 33284023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the direct preparation of 3-aceto(cyano)methyl-substituted benzothio(seleno)phenes has been achieved through C(sp3)-H bond activation of easily available acetone or acetonitrile and cascade radical cyclization reaction. In this cascade radical cyclization reaction, C(sp2)-C(sp3) and C(sp2)-S bonds, as well as benzenethio(seleno)phene skeletons, can be built along with the cleavage of the C(sp3)-S bond, demonstrating the high step-economics and efficiency of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Fangqi Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuqi Ni
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Huiting Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Runpu Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Yuzhen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Pal R, Mukhopadhyay C. Microwave-assisted Carbon-carbon and Carbon-heteroatom Cross-coupling Reactions in Organic Synthesis. CURRENT MICROWAVE CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2213335607666200310121337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventionally, the organic reactions are accomplished by conductive heating with an external
heat source like an oil bath. On the contrary, since its inception, the application of microwave
irradiation is growing as a suitable alternate heating method in organic synthesis. Microwave heating
considerably reduces the reaction time without promoting any side reactions. The fundamental synthetic
organic chemistry majorly deals with transition-metal-catalyzed C–C and C–heteroatom bond
formation reactions. It is one of the most important methods in contemporary chemistry resulting in a
tremendous increment in the applications of these reactions during the last few years. This field has
been acknowledged with a number of Nobel Prizes during the last decade (2001, 2005 and 2010). A
considerable effort has been done on the continuous development of new ligands and catalysts as
well as an increased understanding of the mechanisms for the improvement of the reaction condition.
This review focuses on some of the latest developments in the area of cross-coupling reactions aided
by microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rammyani Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Chhanda Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India
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Kim HS, Lee S. Electrochemical Coupling of Arylsulfonyl Hydrazides and Tertiary Amines for the Synthesis of β-Amidovinyl Sulfones. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sung Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Chonnam National University; 61186 Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Chonnam National University; 61186 Gwangju Republic of Korea
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