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Anthony Raj MR, Yao C, Frémont M, Skene WG. Exploiting Mixed Valence Charge Transfer for Electrochromic and Electrofluorochromic Use. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401417. [PMID: 38970532 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
An asymmetric mixed valence fluorophore with two different electron rich termini was investigated as a dual-role active material for electrochromism and electrofluorochromism. The fluorescence quantum yield (Φfl) and emission wavelength of the fluorophore were dependent on solvent polarity. The quantum yield of the material in an electrolyte gel, on a glass substrate and in a device was 40 %, 20 % and 13 % respectively. The fluorophore further underwent two near-simultaneous electrochemical oxidations. The first oxidation resulted in a 1000 nm red shift in the absorption to broadly absorb in the NIR, corresponding to the intervalence charge transfer (IVCT). Whereas the second oxidation led to a perceived green color at 715 nm with the extinction of the NIR absorbing IVCT. Owing to the dissymmetry of the fluorophore along with its two unique oxidation sites, the IVCT gives rise to a mixed valence transfer charge (MVCT). The coloration efficiency of the fluorophore in both solution and a device was 1433 and 200 cm2 C-1, respectively. The fluorescence intensity could be reversibly modulated electrochemically. The photoemission intensity of the fluorophore was modulated with applied potential in an operating electrochromic/electrofluorochromic device. Both the dual electrochromic and the electrofluorochromic behavior of the fluorophore were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Raj Anthony Raj
- Laboratoire de caractérisation photophysique des matériaux conjugués, Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Chengzhang Yao
- Laboratoire de caractérisation photophysique des matériaux conjugués, Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mathieu Frémont
- Laboratoire de caractérisation photophysique des matériaux conjugués, Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - W G Skene
- Laboratoire de caractérisation photophysique des matériaux conjugués, Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Institut Courtois, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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Isci R, Unal M, Kucukcakir G, Gurbuz NA, Gorkem SF, Ozturk T. Triphenylamine/4,4'-Dimethoxytriphenylamine-Functionalized Thieno[3,2- b]thiophene Fluorophores with a High Quantum Efficiency: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13309-13319. [PMID: 34807616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A wide series of 10 new triphenylamine (TPA)/4,4'-dimethoxytriphenylamine (TPA(OMe)2)-functionalized thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (TT) fluorophores, 4a-e and 5a-e, bearing different electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents (-PhCN, -PhF, -PhOMe, -Ph, and -C6H13) at the terminal thienothiophene units were designed and synthesized by the Suzuki coupling reaction. Their optical and electrochemical properties were investigated by experimental and computational studies. Solid-state fluorescent quantum yields were recorded to be from 20 to 69%, and the maximum solution-state quantum efficiency reached 97%. Moreover, the photophysical characterization of the novel chromophores demonstrated a significant Stokes shift, reaching 179 nm with a bathochromic shift. They exhibited tuning color emission from orange to dark blue in solution and showed fluorescence lifetime reaching 4.70 ns. The relationship between triphenylamine (TPA)/4,4'-dimethoxytriphenylamine (TPA(OMe)2)-derived triarylamines and different functional groups on thieno[3,2-b] thiophene units was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Isci
- Chemistry Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melis Unal
- Chemistry Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Kucukcakir
- Chemistry Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Naime A Gurbuz
- Chemistry Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sultan F Gorkem
- Chemistry Department, Eskisehir Technical University, 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Turan Ozturk
- Chemistry Department, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.,Chemistry Group Laboratories, TUBITAK UME, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Baser-Kirazli N, Lalancette RA, Jäkle F. Tuning the Donor−π–Acceptor Character of Arylborane–Arylamine Macrocycles. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Baser-Kirazli
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Roger A. Lalancette
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Frieder Jäkle
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Zhao G, Liu J. The modulation effect of pi–pi interactions on the electronic and photochromic properties of viologen complexes containing N, N′-bis(carboxyethyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24500-24507. [PMID: 35481020 PMCID: PMC9036876 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02469h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two viologen complexes containing N,N′-bis(carboxyethyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium (BCEbpy) were prepared, namely [Zn(H2O)6]·(BCEbpy)·(p-BDC)·3H2O (1) and [Co(H2O)6]·(BCEbpy)·(p-BDC)·3H2O (2) (p-H2BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid), and their crystal structures, photochromism, frontier molecular orbitals, Hirshfeld surfaces and 2D fingerprint plots were investigated. The modulation effects of pi–pi interactions were explored on the electronic and photochromic properties of compounds 1 and 2. Due to the existence of photo-response viologen radicals, both complexes 1 and 2 display excellent photo-response properties in the sequence 1 < 2. The results indicate that compound 1 exhibits intramolecular electron transfer; compound 2 exhibits both intramolecular and intermolecular electron transfer, which is mainly due to the change of electronic and steric structures caused by pi–pi interactions with a faster photo-response rate than that of compound 1. The donor–acceptor modes, matching principles and inter/intramolecular atom–atom close contacts were illustrated by the density functional theory (DFT)-B3LYP/6-311(d,p) method. Two viologen complexes containing BCEbpy were prepared and displayed excellent photo-response properties by the modulation effect of pi–pi interactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules
- Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education
- The School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
| | - Jinjian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules
- Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education
- The School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
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da Silva AR, de Almeida JS, Rivelino R. A Theoretical Assessment of Spin and Charge States in Binuclear Cobalt-Ruthenium Complexes: Implications for a Creutz-Taube Model Ion Separated by a C 60-Derivative Bridging Ligand. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10826-10837. [PMID: 33296201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the spin-state energetics and the role of ionic charges in the electronic configuration of binuclear complexes of the form [(NH3)5Co(py)-X-(py)Ru(NH3)5]q+. In these compounds with q = 4-6, py = pyridine, and X = C≡C and C60, the Co-Ru distance varies from ∼1.4 to ∼2.1 nm. We carry out a systematic electronic structure calculation using different exchange-correlation (xc) approaches within spin-density functional theory, which are largely employed to investigate the properties of a variety of coordination complexes. To evaluate the effects of spin states and type of spacer in the bridging ligand on the valence tautomerism between Co2+/3+ and Ru2+/3+, we examine in more detail the case of Creutz-Taube-type ions [(NH3)5Co(py)-X-(py)Ru(NH3)5]5+. Our analysis shows that the stabilization of low- and high-spin states critically depends on the total charge of the complex, type of X-bridged ligand, and employed xc approach to calculate the electron spin density. Importantly, the C60-bridged group may result in a blockage of the valence tautomerism of the Creutz-Taube complex, inducing bistable charge configurations. Overall, our results also show that an adiabatic description in terms of the frontier molecular spin-orbitals for analyzing the distinct spin-charge states of these complexes may dramatically depend on the density-functional description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsandro R da Silva
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40210-340 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Federal do Maranhão, Campus São João dos Patos, 65665-000 São João dos Patos, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Rivelino
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40210-340 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Kim S, Ahn DS, Ahn M, Wee KR, Choi J, Ihee H. Charge transfer induced by electronic state mixing in a symmetric X-Y-X-type multi-chromophore system. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:28440-28447. [PMID: 33305764 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05132b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Charge transfer (CT) from electron donor (D) to acceptor (A) plays an important role in photoelectric or electrochemical devices and is a useful concept for a molecule with D and A well distinguishable. Here, we report our finding that even in a molecule with D and A not resolvable, CT can be induced by electronic state mixing (ESM) in a symmetric multi-chromophore system (MCS), namely 1,4-di(1-pyrenyl)benzene (Py-Benz-Py). Unlike Py and Py-Benz, Py-Benz-Py exhibits unique photophysical properties attributable to the reduction of the energy gap between two electronic states induced by ESM. The ESM for Py-Benz-Py is due to the extended π-conjugation owing to the further introduction of Py into Py-Benz, and consequently leads to the favorable intramolecular CT, followed by the planarization due to the twisting motion between Py and phenyl moieties. Time-resolved spectroscopic data demonstrate that the twisting process of the Py moiety in acetonitrile occurs with two unequal time constants, suggesting the localized CT state and the asynchronous twisting dynamics of two Py moieties unlike the delocalized CT state in nonpolar and low-polarity solvents leading to the synchronous twisting of two Py moieties. This means that the symmetry-breaking CT in MCSs can induce an asynchronous twisting motion. The results reported here support that a molecule without CT can be turned into another molecule with CT induced by ESM and demonstrate that the excited-state relaxation dynamics can be regulated through the ESM induced by introducing the substituents or changing the environmental factors such as solvent polarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Groizard T, Kahlal S, Halet JF. Zwitterionic Mixed-Valence Species for the Design of Neutral Clocked Molecular Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15772-15779. [PMID: 33074686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-valence compounds can be used for the design of molecular quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). Here, we investigate the QCA properties of a three-dot "Y"-shaped functionalized zwitterionic neutral closo-carborane model 1-(3,5-{Cp(dHpe)Fe-C≡C-}2(C6H3))-10-Cp(dHpe)Fe-C≡C-closo-1-CB9H8 (1) (Cp = cyclopentadienyl (η5-C5H5) and dHpe = 1,2-bis(phosphino)ethane (H2PCH2CH2PH2)) as a neutral clocked molecular half-cell. DFT results clearly demonstrate that 1 can display simultaneously the two most basic properties necessary for clocked QCA operation, i.e., bistable switching behavior and clocked control. This is possible due to the three stable states (two active and one null) of 1, corresponding to occupation of each of the three iron-ethynyl groups by the positive charge. In addition, the proximal electronic bias effects can be overcome by the zwitterionic nature of 1, which could be imposed by external counterions, rendering these effects more predictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Groizard
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Samia Kahlal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jean-François Halet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Tahara K, Abe M. Stimuli-responsive Mixed-valence Architectures: Synthetic Design and Interplay between Mobile and Introduced Charges. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keishiro Tahara
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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9
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Feng W, Wang T, Testoff TT, Bridgmohan CN, Zhao C, Sun H, Hu W, Li W, Liu D, Wang L, Zhou X. Exploiting singlet excited state conformation for rational design of highly efficient photoinduced electron transfer molecules. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 229:118016. [PMID: 31923789 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.118016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the pivotal role of excited state electronic structures as regulation of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process, the effect of excited state conformation on PET remains elusive. Here we exploit distinguishable emission characters of trans and cis singlet excited states of donor-acceptor-donor ensemble MTPAAZO to reveal that its PET efficiency and rate are closely depended on its singlet excited state conformation. The PET process occurs solely in cis conformation of MTPAAZO singlet excited states. Novel molecule (MTPA)2Ab as-designed with similar structure of MTPAAZO cis singlet excited states shows high PET efficacy and rate, leading to long-lived CS states. Our findings enable the rational design of the novel molecules with highly efficient PET process suitable for charge separation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China
| | - Tianyang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Thomas T Testoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Chelsea N Bridgmohan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Chuanwu Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China
| | - Haiya Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China
| | - Dongzhi Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China
| | - Lichang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States.
| | - Xueqin Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, PR China.
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Tahara K, Terashita N, Tokunaga K, Yabumoto S, Kikuchi JI, Ozawa Y, Abe M. Zwitterionic Mixed Valence: Internalizing Counteranions into a Biferrocenium Framework toward Molecular Expression of Half-Cells in Quantum Cellular Automata. Chemistry 2019; 25:13728-13738. [PMID: 31376186 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Realization of molecular quantum cellular automata (QCA), a promising architecture for molecular computing through current-free processes, requires improved understanding and application of mixed-valence (MV) molecules. In this report, we present an electrostatic approach to creating MV subspecies through internalizing opposite charges in close proximity to MV ionic moieties. This approach is demonstrated by unsymmetrically attaching a charge-responsive boron substituent to a well-known organometallic MV complex, biferrocenium. Guest anions (CN- and F- ) bind to the Lewis acidic boron center, leading to unusual blue-shifts of the intervalence charge-transfer (IVCT) bands. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported example of a zwitterionic MV series in which the degree of positive charge delocalization can be varied by changing the bound anions, and serves to clarify the interplay between IVCT parameters. The key underlying factor is the variable zero-level energy difference in the MV states. This work provides new insight into imbuing MV molecules with external charge-responsiveness, a prerequisite of molecular QCA techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishiro Tahara
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Nazuna Terashita
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ken Tokunaga
- Division of Liberal Arts, Centre for Promotion of Higher Education, Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Shiomi Yabumoto
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ozawa
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
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Tahara K, Nakakita T, Starikova AA, Ikeda T, Abe M, Kikuchi JI. Small anion-assisted electrochemical potential splitting in a new series of bistriarylamine derivatives: organic mixed valency across a urea bridge and zwitterionization. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2277-2286. [PMID: 31598180 PMCID: PMC6774064 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a new bistriarylamine series having a urea bridge and investigate its mixed-valence (MV) states by electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods. We found that the supporting electrolytes had unusual effects on potential splitting during electrochemical behavior, in which a smaller counteranion thermodynamically stabilized a MV cation more substantially than did a bulky one. The effects contrary to those reported in conventional MV systems were explained by zwitterionization through hydrogen bonding between the urea bridge and the counteranions, increasing the electronic interactions between two triarylamino units. Furthermore, we clarified the intervalence charge transfer characteristics of the zwitterionic MV state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishiro Tahara
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.,Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Nakakita
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Alyona A Starikova
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, pr. Stachki 194/2, Rostov on Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Takashi Ikeda
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Masaaki Abe
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1, Kouto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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