1
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Roy A, Duari S, Maity S, Biswas S, Mishra AK, Biswas S. Regioselective Brønsted acid catalyzed ring opening of aziridines by phenols and thiophenols; a gateway to access functionalized indolines, indoles, benzothiazines, dihydrobenzo-thiazines, benzo-oxazines and benzochromenes. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 38919997 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00196f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Brønsted acid catalyzed regioselective ring opening of aziridines by phenols and thiophenols have been reported. Involvement of a series of aziridines with a range of phenols and thiophenols offer the generality of the reported protocol. Completion of the reaction at room temperature within very short time brings the uniqueness of the developed technique. To emphasis on the application of the developed methodology, the products have been used for the further synthesis of a range of useful and novel heterocyclic molecules such as indolines, indoles, benzothiazines, dihydrobenzothiazines, benzo-oxazines and benzochromenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata - 700 009, West Bengal, India.
| | - Surajit Duari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata - 700 009, West Bengal, India.
| | - Srabani Maity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata - 700 009, West Bengal, India.
| | - Subrata Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata - 700 009, West Bengal, India.
| | - Abhishek Kumar Mishra
- Department of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow - 226031, U. P., India
| | - Srijit Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata - 700 009, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Gogoi A, Mukhopadhyay S, Chouhan R, Das SK. Synthesis of benzimidazole-fused 1,4-benzoxazepines and benzosultams spiro-connected to a 2-oxindole core via a tandem epoxide-opening/S NAr approach. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:353-363. [PMID: 38086695 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01613g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
While hundreds of literature reports describe the preparation of spirooxindole-based five- and six-membered heterocycles, the construction of seven-membered heterocyclic rings spiro-connected to a 2-oxindole core has so far been less developed. Herein, we disclose a base-mediated (4 + 3) annulation of spiro-epoxyoxindoles and 2-(2-fluoroaryl)-1H-benzoimidazoles or 2-fluoro-N-arylbenzenesulfonamides toward the synthesis of two new classes of spirooxindole-based polycyclic systems. Mechanistically, this conceptually simple and high atom-economical reaction proceeds via an SN2-like intermolecular epoxide ring-opening, accompanied by a concomitant intramolecular SNAr reaction. From a synthetic aspect, the notable features of the process are its full regioselectivity, operational simplicity using readily available substrates under transition-metal-free conditions, high yields, and broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Gogoi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India.
| | - Subhamoy Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India.
| | - Raju Chouhan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India.
| | - Sajal Kumar Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India.
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3
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De S, Chowdhury C. Substrate-Controlled Product Divergence in Iron(III)-Catalyzed Reactions of Propargylic Alcohols: Easy Access to Spiro-indenyl 1,4-Benzoxazines and 2-(2,2-Diarylvinyl)quinoxalines. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203993. [PMID: 36651187 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We report herein unprecedented cascade reactions of O-propargyl-N-tosyl-amino phenols with 10 mol% FeCl3 in DCE at room temperature for 0.67-3 h to form spiro-indenyl 1,4-benzoxazines with 38-89 % yield. Replacing the substrates' oxygen atom by a N-tosylimine group followed by treatment with the same catalyst and solvent at 80 °C produced 2-(2,2-diarylvinyl)quinoxalines in 12-20 h with up to 62 % yield. Mechanistic understanding provided an insight into the transformations. The use of simple substrates and an environmentally benign low-cost catalyst, broad substrate scope and tolerance of diverse functional groups makes the methodology inherently attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya De
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Chinmay Chowdhury
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
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4
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Biswas A, Hajra S. Regio‐ and Stereospecific Desulfinylative Chlorination of Spiroaziridine Oxindoles at Spiro‐Center for Formal [3+2]‐Cycloaddition with CS2: Sequential One‐Pot Synthesis of (‐)‐Spirobrassinin. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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5
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Saleh SA, Hazra A, Singh MS, Hajra S. Selective C3-Allylation and Formal [3 + 2]-Annulation of Spiro-Aziridine Oxindoles: Synthesis of 5'-Substituted Spiro[pyrrolidine-3,3'-oxindoles] and Coerulescine. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8656-8671. [PMID: 35731944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brønsted acid- and/or Lewis acid-catalyzed selective C3-allylation and formal [3 + 2]-annulation of spiro-aziridine oxindoles with allylsilanes have been demonstrated to deliver direct access to 3-allyl-3-aminomethyl oxindoles and 5-silyl methyl spiro[pyrrolidine-3,3'-oxindoles], respectively. The acid-catalyzed methods do not provide any stereoselectivity when chiral spiroaziridines are used. However, the reaction of nonracemic sprioaziridines with allyl-Grignard reagent under catalyst-free conditions afforded 3-allyl-3-aminomethyl oxindoles with good stereoselectivity (ee up to 80%). The allylation protocol is utilized for the short synthesis of coerulescine and various 5'-substituted spiro[pyrrolidine-3,3'-oxindoles].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Abu Saleh
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India.,Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Atanu Hazra
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India.,Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Saumen Hajra
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
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6
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Das J, Borah BJ, Das SK. Construction of Benzosultam‐Containing Fused‐ and Linked‐Biheterocycles by a Cascade Double Nucleophilic Cyclization. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonali Das
- Tezpur University Chemical Sciences Tezpur 784028 Tezpur INDIA
| | | | - Sajal Kumar Das
- Tezpur University Chemical Sciences Napaam 784028 Tezpur INDIA
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7
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Xing S, Wang C, Gao T, Wang Y, Wang H, Wang H, Wang K, Zhu B. Construction of 4-spiroannulated tetrahydroisoquinoline skeletons via a sequential ring opening of aziridines and Pictet–Spengler reaction. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A stepwise cyclization involving sequential ring opening of aziridines and Pictet–Spengler reaction has been developed for the synthesis of 4-spiroannulated tetrahydroisoquinoline compounds (22 examples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingxuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzheng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanfei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Bolin Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
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8
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Sakla AP, Panda B, Laxmikeshav K, Soni JP, Bhandari S, Godugu C, Shankaraiah N. Dithiocarbamation of spiro-aziridine oxindoles: a facile access to C3-functionalised 3-thiooxindoles as apoptosis inducing agents. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10622-10634. [PMID: 34870311 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02102h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first dithiocarbamation of spiro-aziridine oxindoles involving regiospecific ring-opening by using in situ generated nucleophilic dithiocarbamates as an instant source of sulfur. This approach afforded C3-functionalised-3-thiooxindoles in good to excellent yields with a wide substrate scope under catalyst-free and mild reaction conditions. These compounds were screened for their anticancer activity against a panel of human cancer cell lines, wherein compound 3u exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against human lung cancer cells with an IC50 value of 4.31 ± 1.88 μM. Phase contrast microscopy as well as different staining assays such as acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB), DAPI and DCFDA demonstrated the induction of apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells after treatment with compound 3u. In addition, the clonogenic assay and migration assay demonstrated the ability of compound 3u to inhibit colony formation and cell migration, respectively, in A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash P Sakla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad - 500037, India.
| | - Biswajit Panda
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad - 500037, India
| | - Kritika Laxmikeshav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad - 500037, India.
| | - Jay Prakash Soni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad - 500037, India.
| | - Sonal Bhandari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad - 500037, India.
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad - 500037, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad - 500037, India.
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9
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Sun D, Zhang H, Gao J, Guan X, Qin X, Jiang G, Zhang G, Zheng L, Zhang S. Asymmetric Synthesis of Spiro[3,2'-morpholine-oxindoles] Derivatives via the [5 + 1] Annulation Reaction. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16815-16823. [PMID: 34761939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficacious method in which BINOL-type chiral imidodiphosphoric acid catalyzed the asymmetric [5 + 1] annulation reaction of 2-pyrrolylphenol with 1-methylindoline-2,3-dione was established. The strategy tolerated a broad substrate scope, and 30 examples were obtained. A range of enantioenriched spiro[3,2'-morpholine-oxindole] derivatives which incorporate a tertiary stereocenter, with moderate to excellent yields (up to 96%) and enantioselectivities (up to 99%) under mild conditions, was delivered.
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10
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Abstract
This review summaries recent synthetic developments towards spirocyclic oxindoles and applications as valuable medicinal and synthetic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Boddy
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
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11
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Xing S, Xia H, Wang C, Wang Y, Hao L, Wang K, Zhu B. A Stepwise Synthesis of Spiroindoline Compounds via Ring Opening of Aziridines and C−H Activation/Cyclization. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Hanyu Xia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Hao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Bolin Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 People's Republic of China
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12
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Hajra S, Biswas A. Catalyst-Free Stereocontrolled Formal [3 + 2]-Cycloaddition of CO 2 for the Synthesis of Enantiopure Spiro[indoline-3,5'-oxazolidine]-2,2'-diones under Aqueous and Ambient Conditions. Org Lett 2020; 22:4990-4994. [PMID: 32543203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient regio- and stereoselective spontaneous formal [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of CO2 in aqueous medium is developed for the one-pot synthesis of spiro[indoline-3,5'-oxazolidine]-2,2'-diones with excellent enantiopuirity (ee up to 99%) under catalyst-free and ambient conditions. The detailed study reveals NH-spiroaziridine- and 3-(aminomethyl)-3-chloro-oxindoles, two in situ generated reactive intermediate compounds for the spontaneous cycloaddition with CO2, and the latter is responsible for the stereoselectivity. An unprecedented mechanism of desulfinylation is also disclosed herewith.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumen Hajra
- Center of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Anurag Biswas
- Center of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
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13
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Liu D, Wang J, Liu W, Zhang F, Zhou Y. Synthesis of Polycyclic Spiro Pyrrolidone Derivatives via DBU‐Catalyzed Diastereoselective Vinylogous Aldol‐Michael Cascade Reaction. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- Chemistry and Environment Engineering CollegePingdingshan University Pingdingshan 475000 P. R. China
| | - Jiansheng Wang
- Chemistry and Environment Engineering CollegePingdingshan University Pingdingshan 475000 P. R. China
| | - Wenqin Liu
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life SciencesWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Fang‐Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life SciencesWuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Yirong Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation School of Pharmacy Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 P. R. China
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14
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Bhandari S, Kulkarni N, Sakla AP, Shankaraiah N. Lewis-acid catalyzed dehydrative [3+2] cycloaddition reaction: A facile synthetic approach to spiro-benzoindoline oxindoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Gui H, Wei Y, Shi M. Recent Advances in the Construction of Trifluoromethyl‐Containing Spirooxindoles through Cycloaddition Reactions. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1225-1233. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hou‐Ze Gui
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No.130 Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No.130 Shanghai 200237 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518000 Guangdong China
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Sakla AP, Kansal P, Shankaraiah N. Syntheses and reactivity of spiro-epoxy/aziridine oxindole cores: developments in the past decade. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8572-8596. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01726d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights various reactions to afford spiro-epoxy/aziridine oxindoles and their potential synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash P. Sakla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Hyderabad-500037
- India
| | - Pritish Kansal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Hyderabad-500037
- India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Hyderabad-500037
- India
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17
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Hajra S, Hazra A, Saleh SKA, Mondal AS. Aqueous tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Mediated Regioselective Ring-Opening Reactions of Spiro-aziridine-epoxy Oxindoles: Synthesis of 3-Peroxy-3-substituted Oxindoles and Their Acid-Mediated Rearrangement. Org Lett 2019; 21:10154-10158. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saumen Hajra
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Atanu Hazra
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - SK Abu Saleh
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Ananda Shankar Mondal
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
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