Directed C–H Functionalization Reactions with a Picolinamide Directing Group: Ni-Catalyzed Cleavage and Byproduct Recycling

Picolinamide-assisted ortho-C-H functionalization of pyrenylglycine derivatives using aryl iodides

Chemical transformations involving the pyrenylglycine motif (an unnatural amino acid) and practical methods toward it are seldom known. This work aimed at developing a method for synthesizing novel pyrenylglycine (pyrene-based glycine) unnatural amino acid derivatives. To realize this, initially, a new pyrenylglycine substrate possessing the picolinamide moiety was assembled via the Ugi multicomponent reaction. The picolinamide moiety linked to amine substrates is a well-known bidentate directing group for accomplishing the site-selective γ-C-H functionalization of amines. Subsequently, it was aimed at using a Pd(II)-catalyzed bidentate directing group-aided γ-C-H arylation strategy for generating a wide range of unprecedented examples of C(2)-H arylated pyrenylglycines. Accordingly, pyrenylglycine possessing the picolinamide moiety was subjected to Pd(II)-catalyzed C(2)-H arylation in the non-K-region to afford a library of C(2)-arylated pyrenylglycines (π-extended pyrenes). Additionally, pyrenylglycine-based small peptides were assembled using C(2)-arylated pyrenylglycines. The X-ray structure of a representative compound was obtained, which corroborated the structure of pyrenylglycine and the regioselectivity of C(2)-H arylation of the pyrene in the non-K-region.

One Carbon Ring Expansion of Bipyrrole to Bipyridine Enables Access to a π-Extended, Non-innocent, Corrole-like Ligand

A π-extended, diaza-triphenylene embedded, mono-anionic corrole analogue and its Ni^II complex were synthesized from a diaza-triphenylene precursor, which was obtained from a double one-carbon insertion into a naphthobipyrrole diester. Following conversion to the corresponding activated diol and acid-catalyzed condensation with pyrrole, subsequent reaction with pentafluorobenzaldehyde afforded mono-anionic, π-extended bipyricorrole-like macrocycle. Attempted Ni^II insertion with Ni(OAc)₂  ⋅ 4H₂ O resulted an ESR active, Ni^II bipyricorrole radical complex, which was converted to a stable cationic Ni^II complex upon treatment with [(Et₃ O)⁺ (SbCl₆ )^- ]. Both complexes were characterized by ¹ H and ¹³ C NMR, UV/Vis spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The Ni^II bipyricorrole radical complex is converted to a cationic Ni^II complex by single-electron reduction using cobaltocene. Both the cationic Ni^II complex and the radical Ni^II complex exhibited ligand-centered redox behavior, whereas the Ni^II remains in the +2 oxidation state.

Facile Synthesis of Alkylidene Phthalides by Rhodium-Catalyzed Domino C-H Acylation/Annulation of Benzamides with Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids

The Rh-catalyzed ortho-C(sp² )-H functionalization of 8-aminoquinoline-derived benzamides with aliphatic acyl fluorides generated in situ from the corresponding acids has been developed. This reaction initiated with 8-aminoquinoline-directed ortho-C(sp² )-H acylation, which was accompanied by subsequent intramolecular nucleophilic acyl substitution of amide group to produce alkylidene phthalides This approach exhibits high stereo-selectivity for Z-isomer products, and tolerates a variety of functional groups as well as aliphatic carboxylic acids with diverse structural scaffolds.

Non-Classical Amide Bond Formation: Transamidation and Amidation of Activated Amides and Esters by Selective N–C/O–C Cleavage

In the past several years, tremendous advances have been made in non-classical routes for amide bond formation that involve transamidation and amidation reactions of activated amides and esters. These new methods enable the formation of extremely valuable amide bonds via transition-metal-catalyzed, transition-metal-free, or metal-free pathways by exploiting chemoselective acyl C–X (X = N, O) cleavage under mild conditions. In a broadest sense, these reactions overcome the formidable challenge of activating C–N/C–O bonds of amides or esters by rationally tackling nN → π*C=O delocalization in amides and nO → π*C=O donation in esters. In this account, we summarize the recent remarkable advances in the development of new methods for the synthesis of amides with a focus on (1) transition-metal/NHC-catalyzed C–N/C–O bond activation, (2) transition-metal-free highly selective cleavage of C–N/C–O bonds, (3) the development of new acyl-transfer reagents, and (4) other emerging methods.

1 Introduction

2 Transamidation of Amides

2.1 Transamidation by Metal–NHC Catalysis (Pd–NHC, Ni–NHC)

2.2 Transition-Metal-Free Transamidation via Tetrahedral Intermediates

2.3 Reductive Transamidation

2.4 New Acyl-Transfer Reagents

2.5 Tandem Transamidations

3 Amidation of Esters

3.1 Amidation of Esters by Metal–NHC Catalysis (Pd–NHC, Ni–NHC)

3.2 Transition-Metal-Free Amidation of Esters via Tetrahedral Intermediates

3.3 Reductive Amidation of Esters

4 Transamidations of Amides by Other Mechanisms

5 Conclusions and Outlook