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AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Aromatic Character and Relative Stability of Pyrazoloporphyrin Tautomers and Related Protonated Species: Insights into How Pyrazole Changes the Properties of Carbaporphyrinoid Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062854. [PMID: 36985826 PMCID: PMC10056226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazoloporphyrins (PzPs), which are porphyrin analogues incorporating a pyrazole subunit, are examples of carbaporphyrin-type structures with a carbon atom within the macrocyclic cavity. DFT calculations were used to assess a series of 17 PzP tautomers, nine monoprotonated species and four related diprotonated PzP dications. The geometries of the structures were optimized using M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p), and the relative stabilities computed with the cc-PVTZ functional. Nucleus independent chemical shifts, both NICS(0) and NICS(1)zz, were calculated, and the anisotropy of the induced current density (AICD) plots were generated for all of the species under investigation. The results for free base PzPs show that fully aromatic PzP tautomers are not significantly more stable than weakly aromatic cross-conjugated species. In addition, strongly aromatic structures with internal CH2's are much less stable, a feature that is also seen for protonated PzPs. The degree of planarity for the individual macrocycles does not significantly correlate with the stability of these structures. The results allow significant aromatic conjugation pathways to be identified in many cases, and provide insights into the aromatic properties of this poorly studied system. These investigations also complement experimental results for PzPs and emphasize the need for further studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyaa I AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160, USA
| | - Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160, USA
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Liu L, Zhang F, Xu L, Zhou M, Yin B, Tanaka T, Osuka A, Song J. m-Benziporphyrin(1.1.0.0)s as a Rare Example of Ring-Contracted Carbaporphyrins with Metal-Coordination Ability: Distorted Coordination Structures and Small HOMO-LUMO Gaps. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203517. [PMID: 36479740 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
m-Benziporphyrin(1.1.0.0) and m-pyreniporphyrin(1.1.0.0) were prepared as ring-contracted carbaporphyrins. While m-Benziporphyrin(1.1.0.0) was unstable, m-pyreniporphyrin(1.1.0.0) was fairly stable. Both of their PdII complexes showed distorted coordination structures with extremely short Pd-C bonds. As compared with the reported m-benziporphyrin PdII complexes, these PdII complexes showed considerably small HOMO-LUMO gaps, despite their smaller molecular size. PdII metalation of the m-pyreniporphyrin(1.1.0.0) dimer gave the corresponding PdII complex, which showed similar distorted coordination and a smaller HOMO-LUMO gap. Finally, PdII metalation of a pyrene-sharing formal p-benziporphyrin(1.1.1.1) dimer gave a nonaromatic PdII dimer, which rearranged to an aromatic PdII complex upon treatment with alumina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Ministry of Educational of China Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Fenni Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Ministry of Educational of China Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Ministry of Educational of China Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Ministry of Educational of China Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Bangshao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Ministry of Educational of China Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Ministry of Educational of China Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Ministry of Educational of China Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, P. R. China
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Organometallic Chemistry within the Structured Environment Provided by the Macrocyclic Cores of Carbaporphyrins and Related Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031496. [PMID: 36771158 PMCID: PMC9920839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique environment within the core of carbaporphyrinoid systems provides a platform to explore unusual organometallic chemistry. The ability of these structures to form stable organometallic derivatives was first demonstrated for N-confused porphyrins but many other carbaporphyrin-type systems were subsequently shown to exhibit similar or complementary properties. Metalation commonly occurs with catalytically active transition metal cations and the resulting derivatives exhibit widely different physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties and range from strongly aromatic to nonaromatic and antiaromatic species. Metalation may trigger unusual, highly selective, oxidation reactions. Alkyl group migration has been observed within the cavity of metalated carbaporphyrins, and in some cases ring contraction of the carbocyclic subunit takes place. Over the past thirty years, studies in this area have led to multiple synthetic routes to carbaporphyrinoid ligands and remarkable organometallic chemistry has been reported. An overview of this important area is presented.
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Lavarda G, Labella J, Martínez-Díaz MV, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Osuka A, Torres T. Recent advances in subphthalocyanines and related subporphyrinoids. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9482-9619. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinoids constitute a class of extremely versatile and attractive compounds. Herein, a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of these cone-shaped aromatic macrocycles is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Urbańska K, Farinone M, Pawlicki M. Changes in porphyrin’s conjugation based on synthetic and post-synthetic modifications. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Porphyrins or more broadly defined porphyrinoids are the structures where the extended π-cloud can be significantly modified by several factors. The broad range of introduced structural motifs has shown a possibility of modification of conjugation by a controlled synthetic approach, leading to expected optical or magnetic behaviour, and also by post-synthetic modifications (i.e. redox or protonation/deprotonation), Both approaches lead to noticeab changes in observed properties but also open a potential for further utilization. Thus, this already constituted big family of macrocyclic structures with specific highly extended π-delocalization shows a significant contribution in several fields from fundamental studies, leading to understanding behaviour of skeletons like that with a substantial influence on biological studies and material science. The presented material focuses on the most significant examples of modifications of porphyrinoids skeleton leading to drastic changes in optical response and magnetic properties. Through the presentation, the focus will be placed on the changes leading to the most red-shifted transition as the parameter indicating extending the π-delocalization. Significantly different magnetic character will be also discussed based on the switching between aromatic/antiaromatic character assigned to macrocyclic structures that will be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Urbańska
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Marco Farinone
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
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Shirahata K, Takashika M, Hirabayashi K, Hasegawa M, Otani H, Yamamoto K, Ie Y, Shimizu T, Aoyagi S, Iyoda M. Reduction of Ethynylenes to Vinylenes in a Macrocyclic π-Extended Thiophene Skeleton Under McMurry Coupling Conditions. J Org Chem 2021; 86:302-309. [PMID: 33290650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
McMurry coupling is one of the most useful and convenient tools for the preparation of π-conjugated molecules. However, for the synthesis of strained macrocycles containing ethynylene linkages, reduction of ethynylene to vinylene linkage sometimes took place. Especially, for the synthesis of macrocyclic π-extended thiophene hexamers using McMurry coupling of dialdehyde 1 composed of three thienylene, two ethynylene, and two formyl groups, reduction of ethynylenes to vinylenes often takes place to produce unique products in a one-pot procedure, depending on very small steric and electronic effects such as reaction temperature, amounts of titanium reagent, and substituents of thiophene hexamers. The attractive structures and functional properties of reduced thiophene hexamers have been determined using X-ray analysis and OFET measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Shirahata
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masataka Takashika
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kazunori Hirabayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masashi Hasegawa
- School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Otani
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamamoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ie
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Toshio Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shinobu Aoyagi
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiko Iyoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Abstract
AbstractPorphyrinoids containing vinylene bridges, such as triphyrin(2.1.1), porphycene, porphyrin(2.1.2.1), and hexaphyrin(2.1.2.1.2.1), are a relatively new family of porphyrinoids. Vinylene bridges give porphyrinoids a lower symmetry and a flexibility of the framework and they permit cis/trans-isomerization reactions; these factors confer unique properties to these substances, such as coordination to metal ions and aromaticity switching. In this account, the synthesis, crystal structures, and properties of new porphyrinoids containing vinylene bridges are summarized.1 Introduction2 Triphyrin(2.1.1)3 Porphycene4 Porphyrin(2.1.2.1)5 Hexaphyrin(2.1.2.1.2.1)6 Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)
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Development of Heterocycle-Substituted and Fused Azulenes in the Last Decade (2010-2020). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197087. [PMID: 32992955 PMCID: PMC7582284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Azulene derivatives with heterocyclic moieties in the molecule have been synthesized for applications in materials science by taking advantage of their unique properties. These derivatives have been prepared by various methods, involving electrophilic substitution, condensation, cyclization, and transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Herein, we present the development of the synthetic methods, reactivities, and physical properties for the heterocycle-substituted and heterocycle-fused azulenes reported in the last decade.
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